Double Vision in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby Essay -- Great

The Great Gatsby Double Vision F. Scott Fitzgerald once stated that the test of a first rate intelligence was the ability to hold two unlike ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability to function. This intelligence he describes is characterized by the principle of double vision. An discernment of this is essential to the understanding of many of Fitzgeralds novels. Double vision denotes two ways of seeing. It suggests the tension involved when Fitzgerald sets two things in opposition such that the reader can, on superstar hand, sensually experience the event about which Fitzgerald is writing, The foundation of double vision is polarity, the setting of extremes against one another, which is the result of dramatic tension. The success of the novel depended on Fitzgeralds ability to transfer the vision he had himself to the reader. This idea dealt with the ability to believe in the possibilities of several opposite ideas at different levels of abstract...

Essay --

THE GOOD OLE USDA United States Drug AddictionI was laid back puffing on a phat stack of reason and sipping on some old memories just passing the time away this morning and decided to tap into my genius. Yeah, its me, Maestro your (resident legal analyst) reporting to you remain from the privacy of my own space. For those of you who dont know, I am a graduate from the School of Hard Knocks with a PHd in Human ology. Let me be the first to inform you that I never made the Fiends List, in school and for the record, I never will.First and foremost, there is absolutely nothing conventional about my flow. So what If my subject-verb dont agree at times or my opinion comes from an Afrocentric point of view. Can we just get along? My tilt scrapper is immune from media attack. So dont try to intimidate me with your lawbecause I hit back.Like most of you, I listen to the password and social media to keep up with current events. Which is why I take my time to perceive each comment I make before I forget. So if what I say hurts you in any way, then indict me. Because as far as Im...

Billy Budd Essay -- essays research papers

To form simply whizz opinion or show merely one aspect of this story is naive, rude, and closed minded. How may one stick to one deli mea, moral questioning, or out-look on a bind that jumps from such cases like frogs on lily pads? Just as Melville has done, I shall effort to arrange my perception of Billy Budd, in a similar fashion. That is, through an unorthodox practice (that is jumping from pt. to demonstrate), of writing an essay I shall constantly shift and directions and goals of what it is I wish to state. One may perceive the books structure to be loose and quite flexible one finds that the fits and starts, and the shifting of lengths mingled with chapters be the best way to convey the feelings/ meanings of Billys story. Maybe the narrator believes that Billy is true on a deeper sense in some other words, it corresponds to real experience. Dont you, yourself find that when you are trying to make a major decision, or living through some crucial case your mind keeps s hifting from one thing to another, sometimes quickly and dramatically, sometimes inventing hypothetical situations to use as comparisons or differences? This is similar to the case as seen in Billy Budd. The Book doesnt work in a strict and orderly fashion but starts out to describe at length contrary characters, then moves to fast actions, slows down again to a very argued trail, then draws rapidly to a close with Billys hanging. Even after that event, (the hanging), the book lingers on with a comment of it and ties up all loose ends (Captain Vere dieing etc). Though this story lacks orthodox format, it coheres in a profound and moving way.The style and point of view of Billy Budd apprize be dealt with together b/c of the strong narrative voice determines both. The narrator of the story is clearly a passing educated person with a great knowledge of mythology. Though the voice of the narrative is consistent in this novel, the point of view is constantly changing. Sometimes we ar e put inside the heads of the characters (he tells us Claggarts secret thoughts about Billy, and makes us feel the anguish Captain Vere is experiencing in making his hard decision. Then again there are other times were he removes both of us (narrator, and reader), from a scene, (Best example being, when Vere goes to tell Billy that he must hang- and avoids mak... ...was drafted directly from prison. that no one knows for sure. About his intelligence, just like the snake used his intelligence to trick Mankind, Claggart too uses his intelligence to trick Billy. Thus the fall of boths Garden. Upon this review, one can ask such a question of, does every Eden have to have its snake? The presence of John Claggart in Billy Budd suggest that evil is part of our world, and it will always attach itself to innocence and try to corrupt it. Billy Budd focuses on the inner life of a single ship. Life aboard the Indomitable is a scaled down model of life itself, yet it is apparent of the inten sity and almost claustrophic this setting can be as the story proceeds and everything is heightened. Thought the wide-open sea is all around, it only isolates the men from the rest of the world. If youve ever been momentarily separated on a camping trip, per-say, then you know how quickly one can get on anothers nerves. This story captures that intensity. One must to a fault remember that Billy is set in a time of war and mutiny, and theses factors have a major impact on the story and everyones decisions.

Essay --

In the world of animals, those at the top of a assurance hierarchy are to a greater extent beneficial than low-ranking animals1. However, the costs associated with being at the top of a hierarchy remain controversial1. Different studies report contradictory findings on whether dominant or reduce animals experienced greater stress levels2-3. Furthermore, Sapolsky4-5 suggested that hierarchy stability could potencyly influence the stress levels experienced by high-level olive baboons. Given the results from previous literatures, Gesquiere et al.1 created a research question asking how do male savannah baboons (Papio cynocephalus) respond to rank-related stress during stable and unstable hierarchy? They hypothesized that high-ranking males would exhibit higher levels of testosterone and glucocorticoid only(prenominal) when a hierarchy was unstable1. From this hypothesis, they predicted that during the month with unstable hierarchy, the high-ranking male savannah baboons would exhi bit greater fecal testosterone (fT) and fecal glucocorticoid (fGC) levels than other(a) males within the hierarchy however, such(prenominal) phenomenon would not be observed during the month with a stable hierarchy1. To test this prediction, they conducted a long-term study on wonderful savannah baboons in Amboseli, Kenya1. all over a 9-year period, ecological, behavioral and physiological data including fT and fGC were collected monthly from 125 adult males1. General linear mix models (GLMMs) were used to predict the pendant variables, fT and fGC, based on predictor variables including single(a) rank, hierarchy stability, and an interaction between the two1. Gesquiere et al.1 defined a stable hierarchy as the month when the males with the highest 3 ranking were the same as those in the p... ...nction9. However, a parasitic load in an individual was not only associated the individual resistant function tho also with how likely it is exposed to the infectious agents9. Hence, parasitic load would not be an accurate indicator of individual immune function9. In contrast, leukocyte count, which was used in another study to investigate immune function, could serve as a better indicator than parasitic load10. In conclusion, handout beyond the study conducted by Gesquiere et al., the proposed experiment is signifi washbasint because it can provide more insights into whether or not suppressed immune function is another potential cost for being at the top of the dominance hierarchy. Also, using leukocyte count as an indicator of immune function instead of parasitic load, the proposed experiment can further elucidate the contradicting findings reported by different literatures. Essay -- In the world of animals, those at the top of a dominance hierarchy are more beneficial than low-ranking animals1. However, the costs associated with being at the top of a hierarchy remain controversial1. Different studies reported contradictory findings on whethe r dominant or subordinate animals experienced greater stress levels2-3. Furthermore, Sapolsky4-5 suggested that hierarchy stability could potentially influence the stress levels experienced by high-ranking olive baboons. Given the results from previous literatures, Gesquiere et al.1 created a research question asking how do male savannah baboons (Papio cynocephalus) respond to rank-related stress during stable and unstable hierarchy? They hypothesized that high-ranking males would exhibit higher levels of testosterone and glucocorticoid only when a hierarchy was unstable1. From this hypothesis, they predicted that during the month with unstable hierarchy, the high-ranking male savannah baboons would exhibit greater fecal testosterone (fT) and fecal glucocorticoid (fGC) levels than other males within the hierarchy however, such phenomenon would not be observed during the month with a stable hierarchy1. To test this prediction, they conducted a long-term study on wild savannah baboons in Amboseli, Kenya1. Over a 9-year period, ecological, behavioral and physiological data including fT and fGC were collected monthly from 125 adult males1. General linear mixed models (GLMMs) were used to predict the dependent variables, fT and fGC, based on predictor variables including individual rank, hierarchy stability, and an interaction between the two1. Gesquiere et al.1 defined a stable hierarchy as the month when the males with the highest 3 ranking were the same as those in the p... ...nction9. However, a parasitic load in an individual was not only associated the individual immune function but also with how likely it is exposed to the infectious agents9. Hence, parasitic load would not be an accurate indicator of individual immune function9. In contrast, leukocyte count, which was used in another study to investigate immune function, could serve as a better indicator than parasitic load10. In conclusion, going beyond the study conducted by Gesquiere et al., the propose d experiment is significant because it can provide more insights into whether or not suppressed immune function is another potential cost for being at the top of the dominance hierarchy. Also, using leukocyte count as an indicator of immune function instead of parasitic load, the proposed experiment can further elucidate the contradicting findings reported by different literatures.

Global Climate Change Technology and Carbon-Cycle Projection Models :: Greenhouse Gases Pollution

globular Climate Change Technology and Carbon-Cycle Projection ModelsIntroductionGlobal mood change is the hippest buzz phrase for radical environmentalists, dutiful scientists, industry heads, and policy-makers alike. Philosophic totallyy, it is proof that the environment is humanitys connective tissue whether your lifes tend is spent tilling a field, manufacturing steel, or conducting conference calls, global mood change affects you. The gravity of this human-environment issue is highlighted in the headlines of the EPAs Science and Policy intelligence agency Researchers See No Doubt of Human Influence on Climate, Climate Change May Be Greater Threat to Biodiversity than Habitat Loss, Largest Arctic meth Shelf Breaks Up (http//yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/NewsandEventsScienceandPolicyNews.html). To ensure the further sustainable progress of humanity, it is critical that we work to understand our relationship to climate and its changes. This paper is an asse ssment of the authorized work being done to foster that understanding. Specifically, it evaluates global climate change modeling technology, especially the carbon-cycle models imperative for emissions-reduction policy.Climate ScienceDriven by interactions mingled with the atmosphere, the sea, and life on land, climate is the average weather of Earth (http//www.met-office.gov.uk/research/hadleycentre/models/climate_system.html). The climate system is the sum of the gas, heat, and momentum exchanges that take place between all the components of climate the atmosphere, the biosphere, the cryosphere (icy earth surfaces), and the land surface. Global climate determines the Earths weather tropical storms, drought, and other large-scale weather events can have catastrophic effects on human communities. Global climate determines Earths seasons crop growing seasons ebb and flow with annual rain and sun variations. Global climate determines the terrestrial and oceanic composition of E arth should average global temperature rise enough, ice caps and glaciers melt, increasing sea levels on coastal zone where millions of multitude live. In short, the global climate system influences the most basic processes we depend on for survival.A bare-bones definition of climate change refers to variations in climate at bottom different time scales, or to a change in the long-term weather patterns on the planet. However, the broader connotations of the term are critically important to an understanding of climate technology and its applications. Though climate change can be caused by fluctuations in Earths cycles and temperature due to natural flux in solar radiation, seasonality, or atmospheric concentration (as happens after a volcanic eruption), the term increasingly implies changes in global temperature with significant economic, social, and environmental ramifications (http//nsidc.

Global Climate Change Technology and Carbon-Cycle Projection Models :: Greenhouse Gases Pollution

Global Climate Change Technology and Carbon-Cycle Projection ModelsIntroductionGlobal climate change is the hippest seethe phrase for radical environmentalists, dutiful scientists, industry heads, and policy-makers alike. Philosophically, it is proof that the environment is humanitys connective tissue whether your lifes work is spent work a field, manufacturing steel, or conducting conference calls, worldwide climate change affects you. The gravity of this human-environment issue is highlighted in the headlines of the EPAs Science and Policy News Researchers See No Doubt of Human Influence on Climate, Climate Change May Be Greater Threat to Biodiversity than Habitat Loss, Largest Arctic Ice Shelf Breaks Up (http//yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/NewsandEventsScienceandPolicyNews.html). To ensure the further sustainable progress of humanity, it is critical that we work to understand our relationship to climate and its changes. This paper is an assessment of the cu rrent work creation done to foster that understanding. Specifically, it evaluates global climate change modeling technology, especially the carbon-cycle models imperative for emissions-reduction policy.Climate ScienceDriven by interactions between the atmosphere, the sea, and life on land, climate is the average weather of Earth (http//www.met-office.gov.uk/research/hadleycentre/models/climate_system.html). The climate system is the sum of the gas, heat, and momentum exchanges that take place between all the components of climate the atmosphere, the biosphere, the cryosphere (icy soil surfaces), and the land surface. Global climate determines the Earths weather tropical storms, drought, and other large-scale weather events can have catastrophic effects on human communities. Global climate determines Earths seasons crop growing seasons ebb and flow with annual rain and sun variations. Global climate determines the terrene and oceanic composition of Earth should average global temperature rise enough, ice caps and glaciers melt, increasing sea levels on coastal zone where millions of people live. In short, the global climate system influences the most basic processes we depend on for survival.A bare-bones definition of climate change refers to variations in climate within different fourth dimension scales, or to a change in the long-term weather patterns on the planet. However, the broader connotations of the term are critically important to an understanding of climate technology and its applications. though climate change can be caused by fluctuations in Earths cycles and temperature due to natural flux in solar radiation, seasonality, or atmospheric concentration (as happens after a volcanic eruption), the term increasingly implies changes in global temperature with significant economic, social, and environmental ramifications (http//nsidc.

Marketing Segmentation and Product Positioning

Marketing Segmentation and Product Positioning MKT 500-Marketing Management Strayer University April 27, 2011 In a rush to produce more and more crops to satisfy development demand, producers have resort to using a lethal cocktail of pesticides to control disease and insect attack. Do you really know what goes into your food? This is why you need to be informed of the advantages of organic food. The quality of food has definitely gone down since the Second World War.For instance, the levels of vitamin C in todays fruit rescue no resemblance to the levels found in wartime fruit. Organic food is known to contain 50% more nutrients, minerals and vitamins than produce that has been intensively farmed. You will have to sweep away more fruit nowadays to make up the deficiency, but unfortunately that means ingest more chemicals, more detrimental affects on your health eating something that should be good for all. Also dont forget about the cocktail of anti-biotic and hormones that cattle and poultry atomic number 18 force fed.What happens to those chemicals when the animal dies? Digested and stored in human bodies is the answer. If you are as worried as I am about the health of your family then you need to seriously consider converting your family to the organic lifestyle. Organic Food barge in SWOT Analysis Strengths Organic food is richer in Vitamins, Minerals, and Fiber and retains the level of nutrients for much longer. You will have more energy through consuming hapless levels of toxics and chemicals that slow your body down.Weaknesses People are unaware about organic food There is a rigid mentality of people to adapt to the sort in their lifestyle. Opportunities Food habits are changing Standard of living is improving Threats Cost Organic foods are more expensive than other food items establish competitors Pizza Hut and McDonalds are creating a threat for Organics Fashion of junk food Young consumers believe in fashion of junk food by not realizing the side effects it causes later

Costa Coffee Strategy

MMS assignment costa umber STRATEGY 1. Identify, analyse and h anile forth Strategic issues in costa Coffee. costa has flourished in a recession which has claimed many victims in the industry, says sportsmanlikebread company. 1The reason for this success is its strategy. Using the PESTEL framework pass on help discover, analyse and discuss costas strategy. Despite the importance of political, environmental, technological and law factors, for the purpose of this quiz we will focus on the economic and social factors affecting costa Coffee. We will first see how economic factors such as the recent raise of alcoholism ining chocolate beans price influence ribs prices.We will hence use social factors such as consumer trends to identify the different trends today and explain how Costa is reacting to them. Through this essay we will lease then explained how Costa has flourished in a recession which has claimed many victims in the industry,2 The main economic factor affecting the umber market today is the raise of coffee berry beans price. Due to heavy rains brought on by Caribbean storms in the coffee producing 1 Zekaria, S. , 2010. Whitbread Says Costa Coffee Flourished During Recession. online 2010 FOX News Network, LLC. open at Accessed 23 celestial latitude 2010 2 Zekaria, S. , 2010.Whitbread Says Costa Coffee Flourished During Recession. online 2010 FOX News Network, LLC. addressable at Accessed 23 celestial latitude 2010 countries from Central America, coffee prices have growthd3. Coffee futures have kaput(p) up 35% since June 2010 to reach the highest price for a pound since declination 1997 $1. 848. 4 This is a significant problem because coffee beans argon raw materials for coffee shops. Hence if shops do non have coffee beans or not enough, their sales will plummet. As John Wolthers, a trader at coffee exporter Comexim in Santos reports Its a great time to be a producer, and a difficult time to be a roaster. 5 Because these prices are due to cancel disasters, it is possible that they will not change until at least end of 2010 or 2011. A normal consequence would thitherfore be to raise prices in order to retain m iodiny. However, Whitbread PLC, owner of Costa Coffee, announced November 10th 2010 that it has no plans to increase beverage retail prices, even as it remains concerned all over escalating wholesale costs. 6 single of the reasons for this action is because Costa had already bought many coffee beans before the storm hence has enough to provide the prohibitedlets with enough beans during this period of increased prices. This shows that Costa plans its purchases well because as we 3 Zekaria, S. , 2010. Whitbreads Costa Coffee Plans No sell Price Rises. online 2010 The Connors Group, Inc. unattached at Accessed 23 celestial latitude 2010 4 Danby, T. and Sellen, T. 2010. No reliever in Sight for the Coffee Market. online 2010 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. for sale at Accessed on 23 celestial latitude 201 0 5 Danby, T. and Sellen, T. 2010. No Relief in Sight for the Coffee Market. online 2010 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. acquirable at Accessed on 23 December 2010 6 Zekaria, S. , 2010.Whitbreads Costa Coffee Plans No Retail Price Rises. online 2010 The Connors Group, Inc. Available at http//www. tradingmarkets. com/news/stockalert/sbux_wtbrf_-update-whitbread-s-costa-coffee-plans-no-retail-price-rises-1297481. html Accessed 23 December 2010 7 Zekaria, S. , 2010. Whitbreads Costa Coffee Plans No Retail Price Rises. online 2010 The Connors Group, Inc. Available at http//www. tradingmarkets. com/news/stock- can see, conveys to its bulk-buying in coffee beans, it is outright unaffected, unlike the other coffee shops, by the coffee bean market.However this could be a risk because one can never go through but how many beans are consumed per day and Costa does not know for certain how long these prices will remain high. Another reason Costa would not emergency to raise prices could be because in a period of recession, where consumers are being to a greater extent(prenominal) and more careful with the way they spend their money8 they will not penury to buy a drink at Costa if it is too expensive. Moreover if it is therefore cheaper at Starbucks or Caffe Nero for example why would they want to pay more for the same drink?Hence a third reason for Costas decision is due to the competitiveness with the all the other coffee stores. The utmost reason is With total sales growing at 33% year on year, and like for like sales up 9%9, and with over 1,100 outlets in the UK and 130 new shops to open within this year in the UK10 perhaps Costa is not too affected by the increase of coffee beans price. Hence, with the increase of coffee beans, Costas strategy is not to increase prices for different reasons which demonstrate Costas strength in the coffee industry which therefore explains why it has flourished during the recession Costa moolah at nothing. lert/sbux_wtbrf_-updat e-whitbread-s-costa-coffee-plans-no-retail-price-rises-1297481. html Accessed 23 December 2010 8 Rodenberg, J. , n. d. Costa Coffee vs Starbucks. online Templates Wise. Available at Accessed 16 December 2010 9 Hospitability And Catering News. , 2010. Costa Coffee has wins best(p) mark Coffee Shop Chain?. online Available at Accessed on 23 December 2010 10 Zekaria, S. , 2010. Whitbread Says Costa Coffee Flourished During Recession. online 2010 FOX News Network, LLC. Available at Accessed 23 December 2010Moreover, social factors such as consumer trends modify us to see how Costas strategy is brilliant. According to CJ Bobrowski, Head of Costa Systems, With greater perceptivity into trends we can adapt more quickly to any changes in consumer needs, helping us to stay ahead of argument in a crowded marketplace. 11 Hence identifying and explaining the trends and how Costa adapts to them explains its success. For this essay, we will focus on three trends. With prices that cannot incr ease due to competitively another way in which companies can now fence is through quality.As more and more coffee shops open in the UK, demonstrating high quality is an important aspect for consumers today. With each one providing the same slip of product, they need to know which one is the best quality-wise. One of Costas advertisements promotes its cappuccino by saying Sorry Starbucks, the concourse have voted. 12 This advert clear shows the consumers concern for quality. Through this advert Costa shows it has clearly adapted to consumers new trend. The thirst for an experience is another trend. It has become so important that a news program for consumers searching for an experience was invented Transumers13.Consumers no longer look for simple coffee but for an experience. Costa provides this by training its baristas at official training academies opened by Costa. In fact in 2009they invested in a third Training Academy. Therefore, each of their barista have been professional ly trained to provide each 11 Bobrowski, CJ,. online Torex Retail Holdings expressage. Available at Accessed 17 December 2010 12 Rodenberg, J. , n. d. Costa Coffee vs Starbucks. online Templates Wise. Available at Accessed 16 December 2010 13 Trend watching. , 2006. Transumers. online Trendwatching. om. Available at http//trendwatching. com/trends/transumers. htm Accessed 23 December 2010 customer with the best coffee. 14 This is important for no other coffee shop has invested in training academies which makes Costas drinks even more of an experience for consumers. The Nintendo Wii Fitness is increasingly bought which shows consumers concern for health. They are especially more troubled astir(predicate) the amount of ample, saturated fat, salt and sugar in their aliment. 15 Hence health has become a trend. In order to respond to this, Costa has different techniques.The first is to provide consumers with different types of milk soya or skimmed for no extra cost. 16However, Cost a does not advertise enough this aspect hence many customers are not aware of these options. They need to increase the marketing for this aspect in order to be fully responding to this trend. The guerrilla technique is working with the Food Standards Agency to reduce salt and saturated fat and indicate their quantities. 17This way, the products stay the same with less fat and consumers know how many calories they absorb.This is very risky for Costa. Many consumers are not aware of how many calories there are in their beverages and could be 14 The Food and salute novelty Network,. 2009. Costa Opens third training academy in Newburry. online Food & Drink Innovation Network. Available at http//www. fdin. org. uk/2009/06/costa-opens-third-training-academy-in-newbury/ Accessed 17 December 2010 15 Foods Standard Agency, 2008. Consumer confidence rises around many food issues. online Crown copyright. Available at Accessed on 16 December 2010 16 Morgan, J. , 2008.Fast food menu is recipe for obesity. online Cambridge Newspaper Ltd. Available at Accessed on 15 December 2010 17 Food Standards Agency, 2010. hale catering commitments. online Crown Copyright. Available at Accessed on 14 December 2010 shocked like Rebecca Its lethal I dont want it now I know theres a lot of fat in them too. 18 By observing the trends and adapting to them despite possible negative consequences, Costa proves that great insight into trends helps costa to stay ahead of competition in a crowded marketplace. 19 Costa has been able to make it through the rough patches despite the increase of coffee beans price and its ability to identify and adapt to consumers trends. However will they have to increase their prices soon? With such sales growing 33% year on year20 will this hard be able to be at the top of the coffee shop list? 18 Sky News HD, 2009. Cancer disquietude Of Calorie-Laden Iced Coffees. online BskyB. Available at Accessed on 14 December 2010 19 Bobrowski, CJ,. online Torex Retail Holdings Limited. Available at Accessed 17 December 2010 20Hospitability And Catering News. , 2010. Costa Coffee has wins Best Branded Coffee Shop Chain?. online Available at Accessed on 23 December 2010 MARKETING 2. Analyse Costas Marketing and then consider on how it compares to the marketing of Starbucks. Deborah Dougherty, professor of Management and Global trade at Rutgers product line School, and Cynthia Hardy, professor of Management and Marketing at the University of Melbourne, agree that it is difficult for old governances with a big history to innovate due to the challenges of new technology and global competitors. 1 Costa Coffee being a new organisation hence should not have many problems innovating its products and processes. Being part of the young rising coffee shop industry, Costa Coffees compute one competitor is Starbucks. Dr. Robert G. Cooper, expert in the field of mental hospital, published The Invisible victor Factors in Product Innovation in which he es tablishes Eight Actionable vital Success Factors for innovation. 22 In this essay we will only use certain factors to explain how Costas service and product innovations are damp than Starbucks but how, despite this Costa is still a little behind for the future.In order to be competitive in todays UK coffee shop industry, service innovation is vital. Costa and Starbucks have therefore launched a new loyalty card because as Jeffery Young, managing director of Allegra Strategies notices Electronic loyalty cards provide an 21 Dougherty, D and Hardy C,. 1996. Sustained Product Innovation in large, mature Organisations overcoming innovation-to-organization problems. Academy of Management Journal, 39(9, pp. 1120. 22 Cooper, R,. n. d. From hear The Invisible Success Factors in Product Innovation. online Product increment Institute Inc.Available at Accessed on 17 December 2010 opportunity to engage in rich duologue with customers and track their behavior. 23 Hence this card will not on ly improve the dialogue between customers and firm but overly will enable the companies to innovate their manufacturing process or services in order to adapt to the changing behavior. 24 Although the service is the same, are the reasons behind this innovation the same? One of Coopers critical innovation success factors is the justification of the project. 25 For Costa, this new card is a positive sign its use is to replace the undefeated old card.According to a year-long trial in Scotland, one in three transactions was using the old card26. Hence in order to thank the customers loyalty, Costa wanted to add rewards and innovate the card so that one no longer had to top-up money on the card in order to purchase but would simply pay with money and then receive points that would transform into rewards. 27 The justification for Starbuckss loyalty card is not for the same positive reasons. For them, with sales decline and customers brew at home or visit competitors, this new loyalty car d is a 23 Thomas, J,. 2010. Costa Coffee rolls out customer loyalty card. online Haymarket Business Media. Available at Accessed on 15 December 2010 24 Thomas, J,. 2010. Costa Coffee rolls out customer loyalty card. online Haymarket Business Media. Available at Accessed on 15 December 2010 25 Cooper, R,. n. d. From Experience The Invisible Success Factors in Product Innovation. online Product Development Institute Inc. Available at Accessed on 17 December 2010 26 EatOut,. 2010. Costa Launches New Coffee Club. online Available at Accessed 15 December 2010 27 EatOut,. 2010. Costa Launches New Coffee Club. online Available at Accessed 15 December 2010 echnique to hopefully rebound profits by attracting customers back to the store for its benefits with the card. 28 Therefore, this innovation shows that although both companies propose the same service through their loyalty cards, the reasons behind this same service differs which shows that Costa is raising compared to Starbucks who is struggling against its competitors. Another example that shows that Costas innovation is better than Starbuckss is the launch of a new drink The Flat White. Although Starbucks is the first to have inaugurated this drink, Costa is the one who has the biggest impact in the UK29.Costa Coffe is the only one to have followed Coopers fifth critical innovation success factor A well-planned, adequately-resourced and proficiently-executed launch. 30 Indeed, Starbucks only launched the drink in London whereas Costa, several weeks after, launched it nationally. By launching nationally, Costa was able to sell its new product everywhere whereas Starbucks, only in London31. Hence out-of-London people could believe Costa is the founder of the Flat White, which could therefore lead them to a competitive advantage.Starbucks is the perfect example for Coopers statement In almost businesses, its almost as though the launch is an 28 Startz, S,. 2009. Starbucks Boosts Rewards With Revamped Loyalty Pr ogram. online 2001-2010 brandchannel. Available at Accessed 14 December 2010 29 Westfield London. n. d. Costa Coffee. online 2008 Westfield Group. Available at Accessed on 15 December 2010 30 Cooper, R,. n. d. From Experience The Invisible Success Factors in Product Innovation. online Product Development Institute Inc. Available at Accessed on 17 December 2010 31 Boughton, I,. 2010. Costa Coffee launches the flat white? ationwide. online Reed Business Information. Available at Accessed 23 December 2010 after-thought something to worry about after the product is fully developed. 32Moreover, Costa says to have invested more than twelve months research, involving the training of 6,000 baristas, at a cost of over one million pounds. 33This also shows they followed Coopers fifth factor. However, Starbucks says that their baristas had trained themselves due to customers requests and that the education in the making of the drink was anyway already readily available from a number of bari sta trainers. 4 Perhaps Starbucks is right, but according to an independent survey by Tangible Branding Limited consumers prefer Costas Flat White to Starbuckss. 35 This could be explained by the twelve months research and training of 6,000 baristas with a cost of one million pounds. Furthermore, both companies follow Coopers second innovation success factor the voice of the customer. According to Costas core skills trainer Tim Douglas the Flat White will attract some of our latte drinkers who are looking for a milky drink with a broad strength of flavour, and cappuccino drinkers who want a milkier drink with a much richer coffee 2 Cooper, R,. n. d. From Experience The Invisible Success Factors in Product Innovation. online Product Development Institute Inc. Available at Accessed on 17 December 2010 33 Boughton, I,. 2010. Costa Coffee launches the flat white? nationwide. online Reed Business Information. Available at Accessed 23 December 2010 34 Boughton, I,. 2010. Costa Coffee laun ches the flat white? nationwide. online Reed Business Information. Available at Accessed 23 December 2010 35 Westfield London. n. d. Costa Coffee. online 2008 Westfield Group. Available at Accessed on 15 December 2010 flavor. 36 Hence this drink will be able to satisfy the gap between lattes and cappuccinos. Costa is purely reacting to the customers need for this gap-filling-space. On the other hand, Starbucks is innovating this drink due to their very negative customers voice. Their consumers find their coffees too bland and milky37 which is why, the Flat White is the perfect drink to launch because it is Stronger, smaller and less milky than most of their drinks. 38 Therefore, although Costa and Starbucks are using the same product innovation, they have different reasons which show that Costa is becoming more competitive than Starbucks.Although this essay has proved that presently, Costa is innovating for more positive reasons than Starbucks, this state might change in the near f uture. During a period of recession it is important that firms react to this economic problem. Starbucks, as opposed to Costa, has seemed to understand this and has innovated in at-home machines. The Starbucks Barista Espresso Machine39 or the Barsita Aroma Grande coffee machine enable consumers who do not necessarily want to go out to have a Starbucks coffee to stay at home 36 Williams, A,. 2010. Great White Hope. online William Reed Business Media Ltd 2010. Available at Accessed 23 December 2010 37 Wallop, H,. 2009. Starbucks to sell flat white for those fed up with milky coffee. online Copyright of Telegraph Media Group Limited 2010. Available at Accessed 17 December 2010 38 Wallop, H,. 2009. Starbucks to sell flat white for those fed up with milky coffee. online Copyright of Telegraph Media Group Limited 2010. Available at Accessed 17 December 2010 39 Justin,. n. d. Starbucks Barista Espresso Marchine. online Coffee-Mker-Review. net.Available at Accessed 17 December 2010 and make one. Costa should look into this innovation for the future, especially with this economic crisis that continues to worsen. However, Costa may not want to produce these machines because consumers drink their coffees not only for the beverage itself but also for the environment Costa provides, for the experience and unique touch each Barista has when they make one. Hence, perhaps selling these machines would not be of great utility for them. Starbucks is a great competitor for new and rising coffee shops such as Costa.But through this essay we have seen that Costa Coffee is becoming the number one competitor with Starbucks due to its respect to Coopers Eight Actionable critical success factors. However, Costa must not forget that Starbucks may be a little weak in the UK but is very strong internationally and that Costas next step to compete with Starbucks could perhaps be to have a bigger and stronger position internationally. Referencing List Bobrowski, CJ,. online Torex Retail Holdings Limited. Available at Accessed 17 December 2010 Bottonwood,. 2010.Productivity and Coffee Shops. online The Economist Newspaper Limited 2010. Available at Accessed 13 December 2010 Boughton, I,. 2010. Costa Coffee launches the flat white? nationwide. online Reed Business Information. Available at Accessed 23 December 2010 Bowers, S. , 2008. John Derkach Singular vision fuelled by double macchiato. online Guardian News and Media Limited 2010. Available at Accessed 15 December 2010 Cooper, R,. n. d. From Experience The Invisible Success Factors in Product Innovation. online Product Development Institute Inc.Available at Accessed on 17 December 2010 Danby, T. and Sellen, T. 2010. No Relief in Sight for the Coffee Market. online 2010 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. Available at Accessed on 23 December 2010 Dougherty, D and Hardy C,. 1996. Sustained Product Innovation in large, mature Organisations overcoming innovation-to-organization problems. Academy of Management Journal, 39(9, p p. 1120. EatOut,. 2010. Costa Launches New Coffee Club. online Available at Accessed 15 December 2010 Foods Standard Agency, 2008. Consumer confidence rises around many food issues. online Crown copyright. Available at Accessed on 16 December 2010 Food Standards Agency, 2010. Healthy catering commitments. online Crown Copyright. Available at Accessed on 14 December 2010 Hospitability And Catering News. , 2010. Costa Coffee has wins Best Branded Coffee Shop Chain?. online Available at Accessed on 23 December 2010 Justin,. n. d. Starbucks Barista Espresso Marchine. online Coffee-Mker-Review. net. Available at Accessed 17 December 2010 Morgan, J. , 2008. Fast food menu is recipe for obesity. online Cambridge Newspaper Ltd.Available at Accessed on 15 December 2010 Ndzamela, P. , 2008. Credit crunch set the bite on cafe culture. online Thomson Reuters. Available at http//www. reuters. com/article/idUSTRE4AC7YE20081113 Accessed 15 December 2010 Prynn, J. , 2008. Coffee shop boom time as chains obtain crunch. online Evening Standard. Available at Accessed 16 December 2010 Rodenberg, J. , n. d. Costa Coffee vs Starbucks. online Templates Wise. Available at Accessed 16 December 2010 Sky News HD, 2009. Cancer Fear Of Calorie-Laden Iced Coffees. online BskyB.Available at Accessed on 14 December 2010 Smith, A. , 2009. Coffee Price Too Steep? Blame the Weather. online Time Inc. Available at Accessed 15 December 2010 Startz, S,. 2009. Starbucks Boosts Rewards With Revamped Loyalty Program. online 2001-2010 brandchannel. Available at Accessed 14 December 2010 The Food and Drink Innovation Network,. 2009. Costa Opens third training academy in Newburry. online Food & Drink Innovation Network. Available at http//www. fdin. org. uk/2009/06/costa-opens-third-training-academy-in-newbury/ Accessed 17 December 2010 Thomas, J,. 2010.Costa Coffee rolls out customer loyalty card. online Haymarket Business Media. Available at Accessed on 15 December 2010 Trend watching. , 2006. Tra nsumers. online Trendwatching. com. Available at http//trendwatching. com/trends/transumers. htm Accessed 23 December 2010 Wallop, H,. 2009. Starbucks to sell flat white for those fed up with milky coffee. online Copyright of Telegraph Media Group Limited 2010. Available at Accessed 17 December 2010 Westfield London. n. d. Costa Coffee. online 2008 Westfield Group. Available at Accessed on 15 December 2010 Williams, A,. 010. Great White Hope. online William Reed Business Media Ltd 2010. Available at Accessed 23 December 2010 Zekaria, S. , 2010. Whitbread Says Costa Coffee Flourished During Recession. online 2010 FOX News Network, LLC. Available at Accessed 23 December 2010 Zekaria, S. , 2010. Whitbreads Costa Coffee Plans No Retail Price Rises. online 2010 The Connors Group, Inc. Available at http//www. tradingmarkets. com/news/stockalert/sbux_wtbrf_-update-whitbread-s-costa-coffee-plans-no-retail-price-rises-1297481. html Accessed 23 December 2010

Jungle Rot

Tropical ulcers ( in addition commonly known as Jungle Rot) are necrotic painful lesions that are a result from a conglomerate bacterial infection. These ulcers are common in hot humid tropical or subtropical areas. They are usually found on the lower legs or feet of children and young adults. Typically, the ulcers have a raised border, and a yellowish necrotic base. The ulcers may heal spontaneously, but in umteen instances extension may descend which results in deep lesions that move penetrate into muscles, tendons and b wiz.If the so called Jungle Rot goes untreated it can result in much scar tissue and disability. A person can contract this disease or disorder in the skin from having preexisting abrasions or sores that sometimes begin from a mere scratch. The majority of tropical ulcers will occur below the knee of the patient, usually around the ankle. These lesions can sometimes also occur on the arms, but it is more believably to occur on the lower parts of the body. Mo st of the people who get this ulcer are subjects with poor nutrition which puts them at a higher risk, or people who do not wear socks or proper footwear and clothing.Jungle rot has been described as a disease of the poor and hungry. Urbanization of populations could be a factor in the disorder seeing as tropical ulcers are usually a rural problem. Sometimes outbreaks can occur one was recorded in Tanzania in sugarcane workers cutting the crops while barefoot. Another piece of information on these ulcers is that males are more commonly infected than females. at that place are not really any symptoms from having a tropical ulcer. You are simply in force(p) infected in some way and the ulcer appears. It is initially circular, superficial, very painful, and has purple edges.It will enlarge rapidly across the skin and down into deeper tissues such as the muscle or even the periosteum, which is the fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones. Tropical ulcers (or Jungle Rot) are kno wn to reach several centimeters in diameter later on a couple of weeks. The edges will exit thickened and raised at this stage of the ulcers growth. The central crater may also become necrotic, or blackened due to the death of tissue. Sometimes, the ulcer becomes rotten smelling and quite simply, very nasty looking or else disgusting.Luckily, in that location are some known treatments for hese ulcers, although not all of the ulcers are treatable. In the first stages of the ulcers growth antibiotics such as penicillin or metronidazole can be used in combination with a topical antiseptic to reduce the surface of the ulcer and ultimately clear the ulcer up altogether. For other subjects, if you simply improve nutrition and vitamins into their diet the ulcer can be healed. Sometimes if you Just keep the infected area clan or elevated the area becomes well. In extreme cases, amputation is necessary, but most of the time the Tropical ulcer can be treated with success.The reatments a re usually quite affordable, it all Just depends on the person being treated and the amount ot money they nave . This disorder is also curable. The ulcers are known to go away in time as little as a week after being treated. Once a person has been ridded of the ulcer life can go on as normal if the treatment was successful. Sometimes there are complications with the skin pigmentation of the patient after treatment. Victims have been known to have different colors such as bright red, blue, and green around and on the infected area. It is even rare for there to be a color hange from regular pigmentation to orange.Although life goes on normally for some, for others it is different. If a patients ulcer grew deep into large muscles or a bone, they can be left walking with a limp or other things such as not being able to use their arm or fingers in such ways like lifting things that they used to be able to. There are also more serious cases involving amputation that can put a person in a handicapped position such as having to use crutches to help walk or only having one arm which limits very many things. There are known to be outbreaks of tropical ulcers, but nothing is said on a person preading the infection to another person physically.

In the country or in the city Essay

Where is the best place to raise a child, in the city or in the agricultural? I would earlier live and raise my family in the country, because of the clean environment, peaceful atmosphere, and smaller schools.My primary reason for choosing the country instead of the city is the clean environment. The air smells fresh and clean, because there ar less cars creating pollution. In the city, there are busses, taxis, and cars on all the streets contributing harmful chemicals into the air. While automobiles are non the only cause of pollution, there are alike more factories and plants to sully the air. In the country, the only major industry would be farming, which does not pollute the air in any way. on that point are more people in the city breathing the air and less forest area to second control the pollution. Since there are less people in the country than in the city, the amount of littering on the roads is also less. The polluted air is very(prenominal) harmful to the human body and that is why I will choose to raise my family in the country where there is less pollution. The clean environment is not the only reason that I will choose to live in the country.Another reason for my decision to live in the country is the peaceful atmosphere. There are legion(predicate) more crimes committed in the city than in the country, because there is more drug use there. People with drugs are probably not going to sell them in the country, because they deal they can sell more in the city. Drugs are not the only reason for the high crime range in the city. There are shopping malls and businesses that are not in the country, which leads to more theft in the city. Also, the atmosphere in the country seems to be a much slower pace, because there are fewer people and jobs. The peacefulness in the country is very soothing and calming after a lowering day at work. Also, I hope that my children will grow up to be good people, and I believe that the odds of that are much come apart if they are raised in the country rather than in the city.My last reason for choosing to live in the country instead of the city is that the schools in the country are much smaller than in the city. I believethat smaller schools are better for the students. The schools in the city are much larger to include the larger population of students that live there. I feel that the advantages of attending a smaller school are many. They have smaller classes, which gives the students more one-on-one while with their instructor. The teacher can really get to know each of their students and learn how they can help them be successful. In larger schools, teachers have too many students to have the chance to know each one personally, and they do not have the time to help them as much as a teacher in a smaller school.I also think it is easier for the students in a smaller school to make friends, because they get used to the same faces and know each other well. There are more studen ts in larger schools, which will make it harder for them to get to know one another. City schools are also known for having cliques, which makes it hard for some students to be accepted by others. I believe that the smaller schools in the country are more beneficial than the larger schools in the city.In my opinion, the country is the best place to live and raise a family. I have discussed the three main reasons I chose the country rather than the city the clean environment, peaceful atmosphere, and smaller schools. I hope others will agree that the country is the land of the free.

Edgar Allan Poe’s “Ligeia” Essay

Though there is no mention of race or bondage in Edgar Allan Poes Ligeia, the stage is suffuse with the symbolic interaction of light and dark, pureness and black, p eachor and pigment. In a bureau so fully supercharged with the symbolics of race, and in a legend written in antebellum America by an author raised in Virginia, the lack of whatever mention of sla actually is enough to indicate that this story, despite its studied silence on the matter, has something to tell us about the psychology of racialism in the United States.In the origin between Ligeia and Rowenathough it takes place almost out of sight, at the edge of the real and of visionPoe sets up Ligeia as the dark lady and Rowena as the pretty cardinal. The ref might expect this to play out as either an abolitionist or racist affirmation of equality or racial supremacy. The situation is complicated, however, by the presence and perceptions of the cashier, who is outside of the highly charged color scheme.Poe p ositions the indorser as an observer of racialist dynamics, rather than as a racialized participant, to allow the reader a view of how a passive, dominant white class depends on, and is crippled by its dependency on, a black underclass that stands for everything it lacks and fears. The dichotomy of black and white emerges relatively late in the story, precisely after Ligeia has died and the narrator has taken Rowena as his new wife, but the coloring of Ligeia is present from the start.Among her other sublime attributes, the narrator writes that She came and departed as a shadow (111). However, she is also very pale. She has a lofty and pale forehead it was faultless and skin rivalling the purest ivory (111). Her tweed, though, is framed by the raven-black, the glossy, the luxuriant and naturally-curling tresses (111). Her eyes, the windows of the soul, are also the most brilliant of black, and, far over them, hung jetty lashes of great length.The brows, slightly irregular in outl ine, had the same tint (111). period her skin is very white, every other feature of Ligeia is exceedingly black. In her shadowiness, Poe depicts her very being as dark. Ligeias white skin might be attributed to Poes desire as an artist to keep this story from being overtly racialized or didactic or scandalous. His presentation of intense blackness as the frame of intense whiteness, however, is actually a better representation of race in America than a simple schematization of white versus black.Over against the nonpareil drop rule that determined a person to be black if they had any black ancestors, the reader determines Ligeia to be white based on ace attribute against many dark ones. In fact, Ligeias blackness is more than skin (or hair) deep. She is a mystery even to her lover, the narrator, who associates her with the religious mysteries of ancient civilizations. Like the African slaves brought to America, she has a connection to a cultural past that is lost to the narrator a nd which can only play on his fancy. Her family, which he does non admit the maternal(p) name of, is of a remotely ancient date. Musing on his ignorance of his beloveds family namewhich moldiness seem a little unusual to any readerhe wonders why this is was it a test of my strength of affection, that I should institute no inquiries upon this point? or was it rather a caprice of my give a wildly romantic offering on the shrine of the most passionate devotion? (111). The proposed solutions ironically obscure the possibility of repression, that he does not k straight off because he does not want to know, that he is afraid to know. The narrator can only imagine that he does not know her name because he loves her so much.The narrators conspicuous forgetting begins to trace the mechanism by which Americans repress blackness, and the dependence of whiteness on a black contrast, for the sake of keeping whiteness unquestioned as a positive attribute. Part of the narrators madness, thoug h, is that he continues to fixate on the blackness in Ligeia as the symbol of understanding and plenitude. Through this obsession with blackness in what is supposed to be a white face, Poe uses Ligeia to pose an inquiry into American racialism that escapes from traditional dualisms of good versus bad into an examination of the psychological mechanisms that make such a debate possible.At the same time that the depth of Ligeias learning provides a viable historic representation of the white slave-holders ignorance of African cultures, it also comes to assume sublime balance wheels that simultaneously remove that knowledge from history. Using the fetishization of Orienal cultures as a model, the narrator transports Ligeias difference into a realm beyond the earthly. The same mechanism was applied to blackness in America when whites could not fathom the difference between European cultures and African cultures, they wound up believing that blacks and blackness were unfathomable.This set the stage for blackness to be aligned with other things white European culture did not understandwith animals, for example, or sexual appetite. The narrators visible obsession with Ligeias blackness as a symbol for his inability to comprehend her exposes the stylus in which American culture could both deify African culture as more authentic and denigrate it as more base. For the narrator, of course, this dissonance takes the multifariousness of his love for Ligeia.He cites Bacon on beauty There is no exquisite beauty, says Bacon, Lord Verulam, speaking truly of all the forms and genera of beauty, without some strangeness in the proportion (). The narrator agrees that there is something strange about Ligeia but he cannot find it. Each individual part, it seems, is perfectly wrought. The strangeness, though, is as Bacon would have it in the proportion of all these perfections to each other. Metaphorically, the perfection of the white and black face is the perfection of a raciall y segregated society viewed from within the heavily repressed white perspective.The concepts used all make sense by themselves that Africans have different cultures, blackness and whiteness are beautiful in their take ways, some things are beyond human understandingbut the particular way they are connected in a slave-holding society has more than a little strangeness in the proportion. Poes presentation of the narrators consciousness directs the reader to precisely this perspective, focusing not any individual part but on the physique of the whole, because it is here that the psychological dependence of whiteness on misappropriated conceptions of Africanism functions.The narrators repression of blackness into a transcendental white worldviewin which blackness only exists at the fringes to serve whiteness and make it more beautiful, both literally and metaphoricallyresults logically in the death of Ligeia and her replacement by a very white English girl of known parentage but not much depth of soul. The Lady Rowena is fair-haired and blue-eyed, a perfect Aryan, in contrast to Ligeias dark hair and eyes, and her family, like the economic system of chattel thraldom, is enthralled to a thirst of gold. When the narrator describes their wedding his memory catches more on the blackness of their surroundings than on the European whiteness of his bride. I have said that I minutely remember the details of the chamberyet I am sadly forgetful on topics of deep moment, like Ligeias parentage or the wedding itself (). The details he remembers include a nuptial couchof an Indian model, and low, and sculptured of solid ebonya gigantic sarcophagus of black graniteand a tapestry with patterns of the most jetty black (111). The blackness that he has banished from the person of his bride he has recreated in their surroundings.The composition of black and white is by now recognizable to the reader the alabaster centerpiece that was Ligeias face is now the person of Rowena, an d the black hair and eyes of Ligeia are the room and its contents. The tableau that was beautiful when contained within the frame of Ligeias face becomes, when extrapolated onto the greater scale of the preindication or estate, somber and terrifying. Blackness looms everywhere in the bridal room. By being marginalized, blackness also comes to surround whiteness and threaten it.The climax of the story comes from just such an incursion of blackness into the white center. Ligeia seemingly poisons Rowena from beyond the grave and uses her body as a medium for return. From the narrators foregoing praise of Ligeia, it seems that he might be happy with this turn of events, but he has enough of his wits about him to be terrified that a touch sensation has returned to life. His terror also has a deeper cause. The displacement of blackness that has guided the storys logic thus far means that the narrator is at expiry implicated in authorizing a racial economy.In the black room (with black curtains) Ligeia has supplated Rowenaand now Ligeia really is a dark figure, bearing with her the real abyss of deaththe only place for whiteness to flee is into the face and person of the narrator. Throughout the story, however, the narrator has been fully invested in a white moderate-centrist repression of race, as seen in his convenient forgettings and fetishizations of Ligeia. Furthermore, the version of blackness that he has set up is dangerous to whiteness blackness holds such an anxious sway over his mind that he sees it everywhere, and now it everywhere threatens to engulf him.The anxiety that invigorates the finale differs from the immediate curse of Ligeia, the transgression of the natural order through the return of the dead, in that here the horror is not within the story as an object of narration but surrounding the story as the ground on which it stands. For the reader, the immediate shock is Ligeias reanimation, but at the subconscious level this is enacted through reader response as the experience of the text stepping beyond its boundaries and into the real, the objective correlative of a trunk stepping beyond the boundary of death back into life.The doubling of conscious and unconscious horror in the storys climax gives it affective power in that the reader is now fully identified with the narrator as the text reaches its unholy apotheosis in moving beyond itself, the next target in the spread of the imaginary blackness is the reader. This movement might provoke a strong reaction formationthe condemnation of the work as unliterary or obsceneor, in a more tolerant reading, a shudder.All of the above explication of how darkness forms an invasive dialectical presence in Ligeia allows us to boom an interpretation of the work from the formal interplay of light and dark to the real, instantiated, and historical discourse of domination and slavery. On this ground, the message of Ligeia about slavery is as tangled as the rendering of color. Ligei a, the dark lady, seems to dominate the narrator from the beginning of the tale, and in her return via the corpus of Rowena she exerts power not only over another personone marked as fair, as whiteshe demonstrates her mastery over life and death itself.Ligeias empowerment seems paradoxically at odds with aligning this story with the historical circumstances of slavery black African slaves were legally considered chattel, moveable property, and had all the same rights that cattle or the like would have, that is, virtually none. If we remember, though, that as a tale of the grotesquean imaginative exaggeration that partakes of the inversions and reinvestments of the subconscious Ligeia does not disclose its truths at the level of literal or represented but in the nomenclature of (bad) dreams.What correlates the play of power in Ligeia with the logic of slavery is that the very idea of total dominationor rather, since we are dealing in inversions, the total subjection of the narrator can operate so freely in the story. The historical domination of the white slave owning class is represented here in its invert form as the grotesquely hyperbolic empowerment of blackness through occultation.Ligeias transcendent power does not correspond to the real configuration of accessible forces in 1830s America, which was already being marked by ambivalence toward the national sin, but to the idealized racial superiority that white political theory purported to itselfthough it could not, ever, buy the farm up to its own fantasy of itself either in terms of exacting submission or conversion of the heathensand to the equally idealized mystery of blackness sceptred through an assumed (and constructed by apathy) opacity.The form of domination operating in the story is evidenced largely by the formal construction of the narrators discourse. Instead of pronouncing at the outset his obsession with Ligeia, the narrator demonstrates his relationship of submission/domination by ove rwhelming the reader with intricate, over-detailed descriptions of Ligeia. The narrator is dominated by his own telling, by discourse itself, and the telling is fully possessed by the body and soul of Ligeia.Rather than willfully presenting her domination over the narrator, and thus exposing herself to revolt or to a failure to live up to the role of master, Ligeias domination is represented through the narrators willed submission. His total submissionundemanded, uncoerced, almost unrequested forattributes to Ligeia a total form of power that the master cannot arrogate to himself but which exists exclusively in the mind of the imagined slave. The countercurrent of this is that the story is told by the slave though discourse is supposed to be the exclusive domain of the master.Yet the thrall is narrator is truly what the master class of a slave-owning society requires to receive the adulation is craves, and is in keeping with the logic of slavery. The slave class exists to labor on behalf of the master class the final step in establishing an absolute and horrific slavery is for the labor of discourse to become the burden of the slave. Poes story works through a mounting intensity of the motifs of white and black, starting small and outgrowth to a climax in which blackness appears everywhere.Through this progression, Poes story shows that even though a white perspective gets to tell the story of Ligeia and of U. S. history, it is not safe from a backlash. To the contrary, in trying to secure itself absolutely from blackness, the whiteness of the American mythology has invented a racialized other that it cannot escape. The black fear that haunts the narrator and the American reader assumes the massive proportions of the problem of racial chattel slavery itself.Beyond the scale of the actual ambivalences of the play between owner and slave is the nightmarish dimension of absolutes that the ideology of such a society demands. The model for this absolutism is, of course, the dichotomy between life and death a clear transition that is irreversible. The horror of the American mind, which must reconcile an absolute division between master and slave with a contingent division between classes that are actually interpenetrating, is brought into the light of representation in Poes horrific tale of the risen dead.

Can Art Change the Way We View the World

Can Art Change the Way We View the World? Susan Agee Classics in Philosophy of Art P346 Gregory Steel Fall 2012 For centuries, guile has been interwoven throughout the history of mankind. From primitive carvings on cave walls and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, to the Sistine Chapel and the Mona Lisa, operativeic creations be occupy enthralled the human race. Art may be a window to the creators world it has potential to instill desire in the viewer to do something they have never done, be somewhere they have never been and inspire to fulfill a dream or goal.Additionally, Art may possibly allow the blindist to illustrate their avouch perception of a place or even attempt to deceive the viewer. However, to truly understand how we affect the world we must delve a exact deeper than the obvious, which is through our senses, particularly sight. In order to comprehend the world around us, we must first trustworthyize that thoughts are based on perception foremost and that those id eas then create a subjective model of the world, constructed from experience, memory, logical inference, and our brains ability to map out its own internal representation of our individual surroundings.Therefore, whether it is through ocular art, literature, poems, sculpture, photography or cinema, art may very well be able to change the way we visualise the world, by changing our perception. The first recognizable art dates from at least 38. 000BC in Europe, Africa, and Australia. They are the products of minds as intellectually capable and sophisticated as our modern ones and they were just like us, despite the accompaniment that their society was slightly more primitive than ours. Works of this early period are not simple, as if created by a child, but in item they are quite complex pieces depicting animals, humans and symbols.Additionally, drawings similar to maps, as well as carvings, portable art and elaborately decorated animal skulls have been found in caves all over th e world. In the book The Mind in the Cave Consciousness and the Origins of Art by David Lewis-Williams, the author describes these items stating some(prenominal) of these pieces keep images of animal, fish, birds and, less commonly, what appear to be human figures as well as complex arrangements of parallel lines, chevrons and notches. These objects dart as people tend to work out of them, were made from bone, mammoth ivory, amber and antler (Lewis-Williams 2004).Were these ancient artists creating images to simply communicate with others or were they expressing their emotions in the only way they knew how? Although there is no way to tell for legitimate the artists intentions, it is evident that this art played a role in prehistoric society. Still, art has not always had the same meaning as it does today. In fact, in the time of the philosophers Plato, Socrates and Aristotle the idea of art was related to the Latin word ars, which means craft or specialized form.These individua ls based their views of art on the notion that the artist must be trained for his craft and each had differing, yet very similar ideas about art and its place in society. For instance, Socrates believed that paintings and poems stand triply removed from the real that is, there are two realms of existence more real than art objects, the Forms themselves and the things of daily life. The basis for this view is the assumption that the goal of art is the imitation of routine reality (Wartenberg, 13). Our brain has developed a way of viewing the world over millions of years of evolution that enables us to succeed and survive.Natural selection has tuned our brains so that we may navigate, manipulate, and meaningfully differentiate our environment and the objects contained in it. So what we see in our minds is a functional model of the physical world, which closely approximates it but is not same to it certainly not in the way we are in the habit of assuming. But still this traditional s kepticism about perceptual experience has frequently created questions as to whether we can know that things are as we experience them as being, or if the visual world is a grand illusion.To illustrate this idea that perceptual experience may be different than what is real, consider the optical illusion. Artists such as Charles Allan gilbert and M. C. Escher were masters of the craft of illusion in art. For example, in 1892 Charles Allan Gilbert drew a portrayal that he called All is Vanity. This piece of artwork is an ambiguous optical illusion using a skull, which has been the object of many pieces of this type, where we see more than one thing in the picture. If we view the overall image, we see a human skull. When we focus on the details of the picture, we see a cleaning woman ooking in her vanity mirror. If we look at a close-up, cropped image of All is Vanity, we dont see the skull we just see details of a woman sitting at her dressing table. However, if we expand our view , even without seeing the entire image, once we know were going to see a skull, we cant help but see it. Also, when we look at the picture from a distance, beca example of all the black surrounding it, once the details of the woman get distorted we still only see a skull. Additionally, M. C. Escher used his expertise in mathematics to create his optical illusions in art.He was fascinate with tessellations, which are arrangements of closed shapes that completely cover the plane without imbrication and without leaving gaps. Typically, the shapes making up a tessellation are polygons or similar regular shapes, such as the square tiles often used on floors. Escher, however, was fascinated by every kind of tessellation regular and irregular and took special delight in what he called metamorphoses, in which the shapes changed and interacted with each other, and sometimes even broke clean-handed of the plane itself.The regular solids, known as polyhedra, held a special fascination for Escher. He made them the subject of many of his works and included them as unessential elements in a great many more. In the woodcut Four Regular Solids Escher has intersected all but one of the Platonic solids in such a way that their symmetries are aligned, and he has made them translucent so that each is discernible through the others. Additionally, among the most important of Eschers works from a mathematical heyday of view are those dealing with the nature of space. In the book The Magic of M.C. Escher J. I. Locher states this unique interplay between insight and limitation, between possible and impossible worlds has shitn Eschers body of work a wholly personal presence in the panorama of visual arts (J. I. Locher 2000). His woodcut Circle Limit III is a good place to review these works, for it exemplifies the artists concern with the dimensionality of space, and with the minds ability to discern triad-dimensionality in a two-dimensional representation and Escher often ex ploited this latter vaunt to achieve astonishing visual effects.To get a sense of what this space is like, one can imagine that he or she is actually in the picture itself. Walking from the center of the picture towards its edge, he/she would shrink just as the fishes in the picture do, so that to actually reach the edge one would have to straits a distance that, to the individual, seems infinite. Indeed, being inside this hyperbolic space, it would not be immediately obvious that anything was unusual about it after all, one has to walk an infinite distance to get to the edge of ordinary Euclidean space too.However, if one is observant enough, he/she might begin to notice some amusing things, such as that all similar triangles were the same size, and that no straight-sided figure we could draw would have four right angles that is, this space doesnt have any squares or rectangles. In addition to ambiguous and mathematical illusions, there is a process known as anamorphosis. There are two types of anamorphosis perspective or oblique and Mirror, or catoptric. It requires the viewer to use special devices or occupy a specific vantage point to recreate the image.While some of these works of art are more advanced than others, one thing remains constant the perception of depth in a two-dimensional illustration. With mirror anamorphosis, a cone-shaped or cylindrical mirror is placed on the drawing or painting to transform a flat distorted image into a three dimensional picture that can be viewed from many angles. The deformed image is painted on a plane surface surrounding the mirror. By sounding uniquely into the mirror, the image appears as it should in natural form.Just as Escher and Gilbert were masters in creating works of illusion with their drawings, so too are the artists that give life to their renditions of this type. Salvador Dali was among many other artists of his time to have been intrigued with this form of art and utilized this technique in many of his paintings. Modern day artists of this sort use sidewalks, underpasses, buildings and pavement as their canvases. This type of art is referred to as 3D art and it has been seen everywhere from London to New York.

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THE CERTIFICATE OF ADMINISTRATION TRAVEL, TOURISM & HOSPITALITY (CATTH) CERTIFICATE OF ADMINISTRATION IN TRAVEL, TOURISM & HOSPITALITY (CATTH) 1. Philosophy The credentials in administration in Travel Tourism and Hospitality is designed to develop young Namibians to effectively manage the countries tourism resources to find sustained growth of the industry. The course appeals to staff already working in the field and those aspiring to join the industry as employees or operators to its relevance and practical approach.The course prepares scholarly persons for a role that lead ensure adequate human resource to manage the growing tourism industry in Namibia and abroad. The course will give the student the necessary skills to work or operate in a very demanding environment. It will en open graduates to advance to the Higher security department in Travel Tourism and Hospitality or acquire meaningful employment, start own operation or act as a tourism consultant. 2. Programme Outcome s By the time the graduate finishes the Certificate of Administration, he/she will be equipped with knowledge, skills and requisite attitude to effectively operate to work in the tourism industry. . Objectives (Purpose) ? By the end of the course, the student will be expected to appreciate tourism industry and the context in which it operates. ? To get the student to understand concepts in Travel Tourism and Hospitality. ? Understand the role of trade and communication in travel tourism and hospitality. ? To give students the theory and practice of administration and beting systems in travel tourism and hospitality. ? Appreciation of the role of regime in managing tourism resources. 4. Enrolment Standards (Admission Requirements)To be registered for any of the courses, cornerstonedidates must Hold HIGCSE senior certificate in four subjects with 1- 4 symbols OR Hold a Grade 12 senior certificate (IGCSE) with a minimum of C symbol in English Language, a pass in math and a C symbo l in three other subjects nitty-grittying twenty five points or more OR Enter through flexible learning raceway mature age/prior learning with five years relevant experience in various fields of world of work. Apart from a well-grounded IGCSE 22 certificate, appli female genitaliats must also subscribe attained a minimum of 25 points on the IUM evaluation scale.Please note that achievement of these demands will not automatically guarantee a place on the degree course, it will be subject to a successful interview/aptitude test (as required) and availability of places. OR The equivalent of any of the above as determined by Senate. 5. T each(prenominal)ing Methods The students will be expected to be responsible for their own learning, nobody can learn for somebody else. Emphasis will be placed upon the need for a student to read extensively in each of the subjects. The role of the subscriber is to stimulate learning and to support and guide that process.Programmed reading will su pport these endeavours. A wide wind of teaching methods will be employed by lecturers from traditional lectures through to small decision-making groups, as well as the routine of training films and videos, and advanced barter simulations. 6. Learning Standards Class contributions by the students will be encouraged and the extent to which these contributions con miscellany to the teachings of the Certificate of Administration in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality will be an important facet in the success of the student.Individual assignments will be manipulate by the lecturer every two weeks and should usually exceed the standard of the exam. Like the group assignments these will normally take the form of a duplicated hand extinct, that should be returned with the finished assignment. The student will be expected to carry these out without help. It is in the students interest to carry out these tests with integrity. They will be marked anonymously by their fellow students against a given marking plan.The tutors will employ these results to monitor student progress and to exploit decisions as to whether the student is ready to sit exams when the time comes. (Students whitethorn not sit exams unless the lecturer feels he or she has a in effect(p) chance of succeeding). 7. credit System As per international acceptable formula, one (1) credit equates ten (10) notion hours (learning). These hours do not include the hours spent by a student in a class. A first year degree IUM student will, therefore, attract one hundred (100) credits. 8. Course Outline Certificate of Administration (100 Credits) ?Mathematics for Business 33 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Spoken and Business English Computer Literacy Professional Presentations Report Writing Namibian and Regional Economics Introduction to Business account I Business Communications I Introduction to Travel, Tourism and Hospitality 9. Assessment & Evaluation The assessment system comprises two components ? Continuous Assessment (CA) attracts 40% of the final grade ? Formal Exams (FE) attracts 60% of the final grade. The evaluation system comprises two components ? Students will be asked to complete evaluation sheets for each subject study ?An external evaluator will evaluate the course in terms of course content, teaching methods, course resources and assessments. 10. Articulation IUM subjects articulate from Certificate/Diploma to Certificate/Diploma as per the statement in course contents Faculty will decide if and how course work from qualifications from other institutions will articulate with IUM courses. Appeals may be submitted to Senate 11. Credit Transfer Internal students that drill for advanced standing or credit accumulation or credit transfer will have their cases considered by the relevant faculty.Students from outside IUM will have their cases considered by the relevant faculty. Credit from outside institutions may be awarded up to fifty percent of total credits for any qualification conduc ted by IUM. Appeals may be submitted to Senate 44 ENG 111- Professional Presentation NQF Level 5 faculty Outcomes ? ? ? Credits 10 border good communication skills Speech, Listening, written. Apply prehend visuals in business communication. Employ investigative and interview skills in business situations. Course Content ? Analysing the immenseness of good tongue and associated characteristics in business. Appreciating the values of listening and acquiring applyful techniques to make a better listener. ? Learning how professional speeches and introductions are planned and delivered. ? Understanding how to use the telephone effectively and efficiently. ? Learning about the reasons for meetings and interviews victorious place in business organisations. ? Appreciating the steps that need to take place for planning successful meetings and interviews. ? analyze various documents required for formal meetings. ? Analysing the types of interviews that take place and the types of qu estions asked. Learning how to prepare advertisements, job descriptions and press releases. ? Creating advertisements, job descriptions and press releases. ? Appreciating the different types of visual aid equipment that can be use in business communication. ? Studying the use of visuals in business communication. ? Considering how written communication can be enhanced through the use of colour and lettering styles. ENG 112 Spoken Business English NQF Level 5 Credits 10 Module Outcomes ? Explain linguistics concepts and principles. ? Describe communication. ? Explain the excogitation and role of seminars.Course Content Linguistics ? Applied Linguistics ? Pronunciation ? Enunciation ? Grammar 55 Tutorials ? Selection and formulation of tapes ? Effective deliberation tapes ? SWOT Analysis perceptual experience and Application ? ? ? Seminars ? ? ? Purpose of seminars Acceptable conduct in a seminar Seminar presentation How to beautify communication Barriers to effective communicati on How to achieve success in communicated speech MTH 132 Mathematics for Business NQF Level 5 Module Outcomes ? ? ? Credits 10 Calculate basal mathematical models and algebraic computations.Apply BODMAS acronym and its full application. Calculate basic business and financial transactions. Course Content ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Applying the four rules of whole numbers, fractions and decimals Multiplying and dividing negative numbers Comparing numbers using ratios, proportions and percentages. Obtaining values for simple financial transactions involving purchases, wages, taxation, discounts. Converting conflicting currencies Making calculations involving roots and powers Evaluating terms involving a sequence of operations and use of brackets.Approximating data using rounding and significant figures. Solving linear and simple coincidental equations Determine the equations of a straight line through two points. Determining the gradient and intercept of a straight line Drawin g charts and diagrams from tabular data Applying general rule and principles of graphical constructions including axes, excerpt of scale and zero. Identifying points of importance e. g. maximum, minimum and break-even. Calculating and interpreting summary statistics, namely measures of location 66 mean, mode, median) and measures of dispersion (range, interquartile range and standard deviation) ? Applying the laws of probability to mutually exclusive, independent and dependent events. ENG 113 Report Writing NQF Level 5 Module Outcomes ? ? ? Distinguish and employ various reports. Demonstrate and use clear and concise language. Practice proper report writing skills. Credits 10 Course Content Nature and Purpose of Reports ? ? ? Necessity of reports Formats for writing reports implement of clear and concise language Informative Reports ? ? ?Purpose Situations where use Case studies Analytical reports ? ? ? Purpose Situations where used Case studies matter-of-fact Report Writing ? ? ? ? construction of Assignment Report presentation Assessment Correspondence ? ? ? ? Letters Memos Faxes Orderly in expression of requested opinion 77 Field Activity ? ? Practical like report writing Assessment and evaluation CSE 135 Computer Literacy NQF Level 5 Module Outcomes ? ? Credits 10 Demonstrate computer literacy skills. flesh out Information Technology appreciation in problem solving. Course Content Introduction to Microcomputers ?Overview of the development of computers ? Multi-user computers mainframes and minicomputers, personal computers and their configuration. ? Essential PC Hardware, peripherals and software. ? Introduction to the main types of Software. ? binary codes and the microprocessor ? Types of PCs their uses and strength ? Introduction to Operating Systems (DOS & Windows) ? Information processing online, offline processing, real-time, batch processing, single tasking and multitasking ? Current IT issues open & proprietary systems and compatibili ty, information systems security. Data communications Introduction to Networks, fundamental and distributed computing, wide area and global networks. Microsoft Windows ? Navigating the desktop, customising the desktop, file and folder management, installing and de-installing a program ? Logging onto an internet Service Provider or Online service provider, managing the mailbox, electronic mail security, using a browser and search engine effectively and downloading pages, refining searches Microsoft Word ? Open a blank document and type text, recognise the toolbars, rule Bar, Scroll Bar, Status Bar ? Spell checking, search and replace, thesaurus ?Page set-up, styles and general Formatting 88 ? Creating a tab set, Columns, Tables and Borders/Shading/Page ? pulmonary tuberculosis word Processor Wizard to create a document such as a fax, an invitation or a CV ? Print preview and imprint Microsoft Excel ? Start a blank spreadsheet and navigate between workbooks and sheets ? Enter da ta, change column widths and row heights, Formatting values, Calculating, creating and understanding formulae, using Math and statistical functions ? Creating and editing charts ? Auto Form Introduction to Presentations ? Create and present a simple show. Keyboarding ?Introduction to the keyboard and basic typing skills ? Introduction to touch typing to be able to acquire at least 35wpm. FIN 111 Namibian and Regional Economics NQF Level 5 Credits 10 Module Outcomes ? ? ? Demonstrate basic scotchs concepts and principles. Describe economic problems and corresponding economic systems. Explain Namibias economic competitive edge over SADC countries. Course Content ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Analysing the Namibian economic structure (namely, Mining, Agriculture, Fishing, Tourism) infrastructure (Transport and Telecommunication), Banking, Insurance.Analysing the Namibian government structure namely Legislation, Judiciary and Executive. Understanding government development plans of government (NDP 1 & NDP 2) Describing the economies of Southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Lesotho, Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania and popular Re everyday of Congo) Examining Namibias competitiveness in the region and beyond A case study of Namibias industrial policy and the export processing regularize initiative in particular.Explaining Namibias stake in SACU, SADC, COMESA, WTO, and AGOA. 99 SBM 115 Introduction to Business I NQF Level 5 Credits 10 Module Outcomes ? ? ? Distinguish between different types of business in public and private sectors. Compare the processes and strategies used by businesses. Analyse business financials. Course Content ? ? ? ? ? ? ? To canvas the purpose and nature of business, looking at the different types of organisations within the exoteric and Private Sector. Including the occupation, size, advantages and disadvantages of a business.To describe the hierarchy and the external influences of both Private and Public Sector companies including conducting a PEST analysis. Researching the services available to organisations including financial services, consultancy services and local government funding. Demonstrate an understanding of how to market a business taking into account the location, marketing mix, product lifecycle, customer needs and relating this to the overall business objective. Demonstrate knowledge of the production processes, quality, stock control and the factors internal and external that mask production within an organisation.Human resource management within a business, to include recruiting, feeroll, training and development of employees and health and safety issues. Business finance being able to demonstrate an understanding of balance sheets and profit and loss accounts within a Public and Private sector organisation. FIN 1129 Accounting I NQF Level 5 Credits 10 Module Outcomes ? ? ? ? Demonstrate basic appreciation of accounting theory and practice. Calculate and use appropria te costing methods to specific business transactions.Practice and illustrate preparation of books of accounts. Interpret financial statements. Course Content ? ? Prepare a trading, profit and loss account, balance sheet and cash flow report for resole trader, partnerships and limited liability companies, after taking into account a normal range of adjustment to the trial balance necessary for such preparation. Recognise and apply appropriate accounting conventions to a range of transactions within the context of the accounting regulatory requirements. 10 10 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Explain and describe the appropriate of account for different types of accounting transactions and be able to prepare a trial balance from these books of account. To prepare and maintain a range of control accounts appropriate to the books of account. To prepare journal entries and deal with the treatment of suspense account items. Operate, calculate and interpret a range of basic financial ratios ap propriate to a set of financial statements, particularly in the key areas of profitability, solvency liquidity, asset utilization and investment ratios.Employ the basic principles of cost behaviour cost ascertainment and to be able to Classify conduce overhead allocation summary Prepare an indirect overhead allocation summary Calculate overhead recovery rates by a manikin of techniques and to apply these for the purpose of cost compilation. Explain the difference between fixed and variable costs. Calculate the difference between fixed and variable costs. Calculate break-even points of activity and prepare break-even charts. Appreciate and explain the limitations of break-even analysis.Understanding the basic principles of different costing techniques and to be able to Define the different costing techniques Explain and understand the differences between each technique, and Calculate cost using any of the techniques. Understand the basic principles of capital investment appraisal a nd be able to calculate and interpret figures using the pay back, accounting rate of return or discounted cash flow methods of investment appraisal. BAN 1117 Business Communication I NQF Level 5 Credits 10Module Outcomes ? bedeck the purpose of Business Communication. ? Explain the communication process using the Communication Theory. ? Demonstrate the communication process in Business Communication. ? Describe the various tools used in Business Communication. Course Content ? ? ? How to write business correspondence including letters, memos and advertisements. The use of business English in written form looking at spelling, paragraphs, presentation of information and appropriate business language used.To learn and understand the basic principals of communication, including learning how to overcome barriers of communication, appropriate channels of communication, the purpose of communication and presentation of self when communicating. 11 11 ? ? To be able to communicate informat ion in the form of graphs, this also includes identifying trends from the data. To learn and understand the different types of technology used within communication and the effects of it on business and the organisation.TTH 1217 Intro to Travel, Tourism and Hospitality NQF Level 5 Credits 10 Module Outcomes ? ? ? Recognize the importance of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality in relation to National Economic Development. Describe and explain the contribution of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality to the National Gross Domestic Product. circumnavigate the economic, social/cultural and environmental impacts of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality. Course Content ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The interrelationship and interdependence between leisure, recreation, travel and tourism.The significance of economic, social, cultural, political and environment trends of patterns of leisure and tourism. The characteristics of different types of tourists and their motivational behaviour. The supply and demand o f tourist travel. The dimensions of the travel system in relation to tourism The main motivational factors that influence the tourists choice of travel. Evolution of international travel and transport developments that have affected tourism. The relationship between the development of the inclusive package tour and mass tourism.The basic requirement to development of a tourism destination. The roles of, and the relationships between, the main intermediaries within a simple tour distribution system. Governments interest and involvement with main public tourism organization at both national and international levels. Future trends within the travel and tourism sectors. Upon successful completion of this course, the student is awarded a Certificate of Administration in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality. 12 12

Effect of Csr Activities on Sales Essay

Reasons for this can be multinational corporations increasing influence on world economy as well as scandals revealing horrible working conditions in contrary industries. In spite of the fact that the demand for CSR is growing, there has always been critics. The most influential critic is noble Prize winner Milton Friedman, who claims CSR to be a waste of stockholders money. However, several articles claim, opposite Friedman, that CSR rather increases a federations financial performance in the long run. These claims have made us curious around in what way CSR is related to a companys performance.Moreover, it has led to us wanting to strike out how CSR can influence customer perceptions on a product or service offering. Conclusions every(prenominal) the initiatives gave a positive influence on the respondents perceptions, but the ones resulting in the most positive changes of the perceptions and willingness to buy were hearty responsible business practises, cause-related mark eting and integrated philanthropy, which are initiatives where the company are doing the largest effort instead of barely encouraging others to make an effort.The respondents answered that they trust the companies information near CSR to some extent, but in addition think a triplet party should scrutinise the companies activities and inform. The most favourable channel for CSR information was from environmental organisations, government organisations and the third party web media. Therefore it seems like the respondents value that the companies provide information, but are not to a fault forward and pushing the information on them by for example advertisements.Keywords CSR incorporated Social Responsibility, reach promotion, Cause-related marketing, Corporate social marketing, Corporate philanthropy, Community volunteering, Social responsible business practices. Introduction CSR is today a often used concept, as companies to a larger extent are held accountable for what i s possibility in the society. The company should also inform the stakeholders about their CSR activities in an appropriate way, in order to capitalise from all likely benefits.In order to make a trustworthy impression and gain the most benefits, the natural selection of CSR action and way of communication is crucial for the company, and therefore the perceptions of the consumers are very important to know more about and understand. In the last decade tendencies towards a more social aware community have been strong. In itself these trends are nothing that is particularly new. People have always preached for problems like public health, wildlife protection, prevention of infant labor etc.What is different now is that companies to a larger extent are held accountable for what is happening in our society. Companies that engage in CSR activities are likely to have different motives for doing so. Many researches claim that corporate social responsibility originally consists of activ ities that a company performs out of commitment and duty. However, there are also commercial motives for CSR activities. For example CSR activities may result in advantages when it comes to receiving funding, bring uping new employees, cost reductions etc.To capitalise from all possible advantages it is crucial for the company to communicate their CSR work in an appropriate way. Theoretical Framework Types of CSR Activities a) Cause promotion Cause promotion is often done in the way that the company provide funds, stand financially or with any other resource, with the objective to increase awareness, support fundraising or participation, or to recruit volunteers for a specific cause. In this initiative persuasive communications are important, to create concern and to take people to contribute or participate to support the cause.In successful campaigns use of motivating messages and the choice of effective media channels are crucial. They also make use of publicity, printed materi als, special events, web sites, advertising, featuring the logo and discover message of the company and those who represent the cause. Further methods are employee involvement, messages on product labelling and to provide store musculus quadriceps femoris for promotions. Many of the potential benefits are marketing related, like strengthened brand positioning and preference, increased transaction and consumer loyalty.

Complete Finance & Accounts Outsourcing Solutions Essay

To captainly manage the collection, give ear and direction of critical financial information so that management is able to take informed decisions. incidentally and accurate information also empowers the partnership to be proactive rather than reactive to trends or situations.Company Profile A leading retail intellectual nourishment company, pan India presence, 500 employees, turnover INR 180 million. repugn In the retail food industry, one of the keys to survival and growth is having timely information on food costs and other line items. Our clients accounts department was not able to put together this critical information in the desired format even after circulating a type format among outlets. Further, there were many clerical errors and a lack of understanding about the real theatrical role of the information sent by the companys outlets. To make matter worse, the information received from outlets was irregular, devising it difficult to deliver the MIS on a target date t o the companys management.Solution not only did the MIS function take up too much of the CFOs time and energy, in addition, it consumed the efforts of a dedicated professional, a qualified Chartered Accountant. Management recognized that better information was take to understand where the strategies in terms of Food Costing were not working. BC was approached and contracted to streamline this function. in the first place this, BC had not worked with any client in the retail food industry.Implementation First, we conducted a professional due diligence process which took 5 working days to diagnose the real problems. Then, we ready a short term view on issues to be addressed over the following 3 months. Also, we prepared a long term plan in which larger issues would be addressed over a period of 12 months. In the first stage, the real problem of co-ordination amid the outlet force-out and accounts personnel was addressed by simplifying the format. BC undertook to educate them in w hy the information was required, and how it would improve the overall business. inside 2.5 months, the entire MIS was in place and the arrangement was on the track.Current Status The biggest value addition by BC in the MIS area was its ability to help management to control Food Cost by 5 %. Another direct benefit of the whole process was the establishment of trust and respect between the outlets and the F&A department. We are now in the next phase of designing a system to track some specific cost items on daily basis.