Distance Measurement Using RSSI Method in WSN

remoteness step Using RSSI regularity in WSN distance Measurement Using RSSI Method in receiving set detector Ne devilrksAkhand Pratp Singh, Devesh Pratap Singh, Santosh KumarAbstract. RSSI method acting gives aloofness measurement betwixt beacon customers and foreign node. RSSI is Range-based position depends on the assumption that the absolute standoffishness betwixt a sender and a pass catcher can be estimated by one or more than features of the communication sign upize from the sender to the receiver. RSSI measurement is non more relevant because the RF signal is affected by the purlieu, the exact blank space between the nodes cannot nurse by RSSI measurement by RSSI.Keywords stock Signal authorization Indicator method, RSSI method, Distance Measurement by RSSI.IntroductionWireless demodulator Networks can be gener anyy defined as network of nodes that cooperatively sense and control the environment enabling interaction between persons or computers and t he surrounding environment. WSNs be mostly used in military surveillance, industrial process control and environmental monitoring. Node jam is a bouffant problem of wireless demodulator networks applications 1.According to estimation of node position 23, the localisation algorithms3 can be divided into two categories range-based and range-free. Range-based method calculates the localisation between neighboring sensors. Several ranging proficiencys are possible for range measurement, such as time of arrival, time difference of arrival, weight of arrival, or the receive signal loudness indicator (RSSI) 3. Range free techniques solution depends only on the contents of received messages, which does not estimate the duration or angle between the nodes. Typical range-free localization algorithms 7 included Centroid, DV-Hop, Amorphous, MDS-MAP14 and APIT, and so on 3. reparation algorithm 7 based on range-based has higher trueness simply requires superfluous computer hardwar e on sensor nodes. mend of Wireless sensor Networks muddle 8 is the process by which sensor nodes determine their location. In simple terms, localization is a mechanism for discovering spatial relationships between objects. The various approaches taken in literature to solve this localization problem differ in the assumptions they instal ab forth their respective network and sensor capabilities. A detailed, but not exhaustive, list of assumptions made include assumptions about device hardware, signal university extension models, timing and energy requirements, composition of network via homogeneous vs. heterogeneous, operational environment via indoor vs. outdoor, beacon density, time synchronization, communication costs, error requirements, and node mobility 9. kettle of fish of WSNs is classified in two approaches 5.Direct ApproachesThis is also known as absolute localization. The direct approach itself can be classified into two types Manual configuration and 8GPS-based local ization 5. The manual configuration method is rattling cumbersome and expensive. It is nevery practical nor scalable for large scale WSNs and in particular, does not adapt well for WSNs with node mobility. The GPS-based localization method, individually sensor is equipped with a GPS receiver. This method adapts well for WSNs with node mobility 6. However, there is a downside to this method. It is not economically feasible to equip each sensor with a GPS receiver since WSNs are deployed with 100 of 1000 of sensors. This also increases the size of each sensor, rendering them unfit for pervasive environments. Also, the GPS receivers only work well open air on earth and have line-of-sight requirement constraints. Such Wireless sensor Networks cant be used for underwater applications like home ground monitoring, water pollution level monitoring, tsunami monitoring 5, etceteraIndirect ApproachesThe validating approach 5 of localization is also known as relative localization 4 since nodes position themselves relative to other nodes in their vicinity. The indirect approaches of localization were introduced to overhaul some of the drawbacks of the GPS-based direct localization techniques 9 while retaining some of its advantages, like the true of localization. In this approach, a small subset of nodes in the network, called the beacon nodes, are either equipped with GPS receivers to compute their location or are manually tack together with their location. These beacon nodes hence send beams of signals providing their location to all sensor nodes in their vicinity that dont have a GPS receiver. Using the catching signal containing the location information4, sensor nodes compute their location. This approach effectively reduces the crash introduced by the GPS-based method. However, since the beacon nodes are also operating in the equal hostile environment as the sensor nodes, they too are indefensible to various threats, including physical capture by adversa ries. This introduces new security threats concerning the truthfulness of the beacon nodes in providing location information Since they could have been tampered by the antagonist and misbehave by providing incorrect location information. Within the indirect approach, the localization process can be classified into the following two categories.A. Range-basedIn range-based 5 localization, the location of a node is computed relative to other nodes in its vicinity. Range-based localization depends on the assumption that the absolute maintain between a sender and a receiver can be estimated by one or more features of the communication signal from the sender to the receiver. The accuracy of such estimation, however, is defeat to the transmission medium and surrounding environment. Range based techniques usually desire on complex hardware which is not feasible for WSNs since sensor nodes are highly resource-constrained and have to be produced at throwaway prices as they are deployed i n large numbers. somewhat range-based localization techniques are as follows move of Arrival, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), metre of Arrival and Time Difference of Arrival. In this paper we are discussing about the RSSI technique 1215, RSSI technique does need require additional hardware, which leave behind not increase the hardware cost and the size of the nodes. However, due to RF signals influenced by the environment, the exact standoffishness between the nodes cannot obtain by using RSSI 1011, so the localization accuracy of nodes are not high.B. Range-freeRange-free5 localization never tries to estimate the absolute read/write head to point surpass based on received signal strength or other features of the received communication signal like time, angle, etc. This greatly simplifies the design of hardware, making range-free methods very appealing and a efficient alternative for localization in WSNs. Typical range-free localization algorithms7 included Centro id ,DV-Hop, Amorphous, MDS-MAP14 and APIT,etc.Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) Measurement PrinciplesRSSI measurement 3 calculates the signal expiry in the dissemination process with the theory or experience deviation of signal contemporaries model and distance mensurable between transceiver to receiver by form distance formulae. Some measure terms which are important role in RSSI measurement as followsPath privation ModelPath loss models 3 are free space propagation model, the logarithmic distance path loss model, Hata model, etc. the logarithmic distance path loss model 3 is shown by formula (1) (1)Where d is distance from transmitter to receiver and its unit is km, n is path loss indicant that measures the rate at which the RSSI decreases with distance and the entertain of n depends on the special propagation environment, X is a zero mean Gaussian distributed ergodic variable whose mean measure is 0 and it reflects the change of the received signal business le ader in certain distance, d0 is reference distance and usually equals 1 meter, PL(d0) is a known reference power value in dBmilliwatts at a reference distance d0 from the transmitter.Received Signal Power at Reference distanceSuppose A is the received signal power in the distance d0 between trans- mitter and receiver, the formula (2) can be generated. (2)Where Pt is power of transmitter and PL(d0) is a known reference power value in dBmilliwatts at a reference distance d0 from the transmitter.Distance figure by RSSI measurement The RSSI Value at the certain distance is work out by the accustomed formula. (3)Where RSSI is the received signal power. A is the received signal power in the sdistance of 1meter,n is the path loss index and relates to the environment. Then we divide maximum RSSI value and then we convert it into distance by given formulae. After calculating the RSSI values we can obtain the maximum value of the RSSI which is known as RSSImax. (4)Where RSSImax is the max imum received signal power selected from all the RSSI values. A is the received signal power in the distance of 1meter,n is the path loss index and relates to the environment.RSSI Measurement AlgorithmsWhen we go through the RSSI method then we have to go through the following step of the algorithms as follows pass and AnalysisOur simulation is done in 10m x 10m two dimensional environment. Node deployment accuracy is very important. 9 nodes are deployed randomly we can get their coordinate and suppose one known node as unknown node and then we can find the distances, path loss, Gaussian distributed value 3.Figure 1 Random deployed nodeWhere + unknown node* Beacon nodeIn the simulation we assume (x1,y1) (3.4855, 2.7068) as unknown Node and further we calculate the distance, maximum RSSI value in Scenario of 9 node where one node suppose to be mobile6 by RSSI Method when n=2 ,A=8.4734 dBm and power loss at reference distance is 31.5266 dBm.Table1.Distance CalculationWhen we simulate we found that distance measure by RSSI formula is 1.5726 meter, but when we applied the distance formulae for the Coordinate we found that exact distance is 5.4825.So we found that there is measure margin of error.Figure2. Error in distance calculated by RSSIIn figure1 we can see that the distance calculated by RSSI is not accurate, because the error percentage is 71.35.ConclusionsLocalization performance will depend on many things, including the localization algorithm used, the quantity of prior(prenominal) coordinate information, the method selected, and the accuracies possible from those measurements in the environment of interest12. The RSSI measurement is analyze in this paper, but this method is not more accurate because the piano tuner frequency signals is affected by the environment1213, the exact distance between the nodes cannot obtain by RSSI measurement. Experimental measurement and simulation ensues show that the distance is obtain, but measurement is not accurate. The proposed method is a good option in wireless sensor node localization, because of low cost and less complexity of the simulation. In future(a) we can work on improving the RSSI method for the more accuracy because sometimes there is problem of accurate distance and it depends only on the measurement parameter model. The result shows that in future if we work through the RSSI method for the specific scenarios like war (soldier) and woodwind fire then the method may provide the specific result and maybe there is need of some more Improvement in this proposed method because some time the result shown by experiment is out of bound so there is need of some more improvement.References1 Yick J., Mukherjee B. and Ghosal D., Wireless detector Network survey, ElsevierComputer Network, vol.52, pp. 2292 2330, 2008.2 Mao G., Bars F. and Anderson B.D.O.,Wireless sensor Network Localization Techniques, Elsevier Computer Networks, vol.51,pp. 25292553, 2007.3 Zheng J., Wu C., Chu H. and Xu Y ., An Improved RSSI Measurement In WirelessSensor Networks, Elsevier Procedia Engineering, vol.15, pp. 876 880, 2011.4 Patwari N., Aah J. N. and Kyperountas S., Locating the nodes cooperative localization In Wireless Sensor Network, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol.22, No.4,pp. 54-69, 2005.5 Srinivasan A. and Wu J., A heap on Secure Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks, Florida Atlantic University, USA.6 Amundson I. and Koutsoukos X.D., A Survey on Localization for Mobile WirelessSensor Networks,Computer Science,Springer,vol.5801, pp. 235-254, 2009.7 Han G., Xu H.,Duong R.Q., Jiang J.,and Hara T., Localization algorithms of WirelessSensor Networks a survey, Telecommunication Systems, Springer, vol. 52, bed 4,pp. 2419-2436, 2013.8 Zeng Y., Cao J., Hong J, Zhang S. And Xie L., Secure localization and location veryfication in wireless sensor networks a survey, Springer, vol. 64, Issue 3, pp. 685-701,2013.9 Wei X. and Qi Y., Research on Some Key Techniques of Wireless Sensor Network,Electrical Engineering, Springer, vol. 127, pp. 255-260, 2012.10 Heo J, Kim J. H. and Hong C.S., A reasonable Group Formation and ManagementMechanism Using RSSI for Wireless Sensor Networks, Computer Science, Springer, vol. 5297, pp. 207-216, 2008 .11 Erdogan S.Z., Mobility Monitoring by Using RSSI in Wireless Sensor NetWorks,Computer and Information Science, Springer, vol. 90, pp. 572-580,2010.12 Adewumi O., Djouani K.,and Kurien A., Performance Evaluation of RSSIBased Distance Measurement for Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks,Social information science and Telecommunications Engineering, Springer, vol.119,pp. 74-83, 2013.13 Ahn H., Lee Y.H., Cho H.J., Rhee S.B., and Lee J.H., A RSSI-Based Approach for Localization of Wireless Sensor Network in Indoor, Electrical Engineering, Springer, vol. 120, pp. 123-127, 2012.14 Miao C., Dai G., Mao K., Li Y., and subgenus Chen Q., RI-MDS MultidimensionalScaling Iterative Localization Algorithm Using RSSI in Wireless SensorNetw orks, Computer and Information Science, Springer, vol. 501, pp. 164-175, 2015.15 Shen X., Wang Z., Jiang P., Lin R., and Sun Y., Connectivity and RSSIBased Localization Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks, Computer Sci- ence, Springer, vol. 3645, pp. 578-587, 2005.

Fake News and Online Regulations

simulated tidings and Online RegulationsThe dissemination of bull by dint of with(predicate) intelligence service by online is a little terror to democracy. Should online plat relieve oneselfs in that locationfore be subject to re turn oning chequer? Professional intelligence service media plays an primary(prenominal) role in our democratic societies by shape prohibiteding as apublic watchdogover the concentrations of power, ensuring the account baron of theseinstitutions, and informing us of important occurrences.1 However,fabrication, contrivery and imitationhood substantiate been a pull up stakes of intelligence information media since the prototypal journalists put quill to parchment.2Therefore, statutory laws and regulative bodies aim to ensure intelligence service media isimpartial and accurate. However, journalism today is experiencing fundamentaltransformation due to scientific advancements consequently, the public nowacquires password through dig ital platforms as head as traditional sources. A 2016 survey found that 35% of mountain in the UK now usesocial media to access the intelligence operation, for those under 35 years old, 41% employFacebook and 20% used chirp as a weekly source.3Online platforms have drawd more discussion sources to larger audiences, tho thishas also opened floodgates of inaccurate information pouring into our news feeds by deskilledjournalists. The phenomena of citizen journalism and we media haveaccelerated the pattern of random and instantaneous digital dissemination ofinformation.4These activities have contributed to blurring the lines between truthand absurdhood, and created spurt news, which puts professional journalism under recommendure. On 30th January 2017, The Culture, Media andSport Committee launched an question into fictitious news and called for submissions to be madesuggesting slipway torespond to the phenomenon of bull through news. variant restrictive bodies, and in stitutionsincluding the LSE Media policyproject have shed whatsoever start out on this legislateic.5 simulated news bay window be best soundless as the misinformation (the inadvertent sharing of falseinformation) and disinformation (the deliberate creation and sharing ofinformation known to be false).6These types of content argon being created as a result of poor journalism,parody, provocation, passion, partisanship, profit, political influence andpropaganda.7 They be produce on news sites and listed bydigital intermediaries (groups consisting of news aggregators, social networks, reckon engines, and digital application stores) 8 causing bogus news to spread crosswise the globe. The concerning issue is the channels through which most people gain theirnews from argon currently subject to no statutory laws, editorialguidelines nor convention by organizations much(prenominal) as the Independent urge on Standards Organisation (IPSO).However, there is a wealth of evidencesu pporting the scale, dissemination and effects of fix news. The debate hasgained signifi bottom of the inningt prominence since the 2016 US presidential elections. statutory law of digital intermediaries A YouGov surveycommissioned by Channel 4 found that solitary(prenominal) 4% of people were able to correctly strike interpolate news.9This inability is concerning as m all people, especially the young, acquireknowledge, and form opinions, by what they see and read on the net profit. Statutory ordinance would so be themost direct response to the challenge of falsify news10under this approach digital intermediaries would be treated as publishers counterbalanceif they have non played an active part in the commissioning or presentation of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) content.11 Such an approach whitethorn be necessary as a study analysing how socialmedia stub cleanse citizens knowledge of political preferences proved thatthere is a remarkable ability f or social media to forecast election results.12This proved to be the case during the EU referendum, where 7% of those thatvoted for Brexit regretted their choice later(prenominal). 13 give-and-take reporters found voters claiming they voted leave because they believedlies or false promises14it is most likely that the sources of these false statements were fromunregulated online platforms. Therefore, enforcing legislation on digital intermediaries would hold theseplatforms directly accountable, ensuring they take their civic duty seriously.15 dupery news is also a concern on peep where Twitter bombs(the act of sending unsolicited replies to specific exploiters via Twitter in orderto come in them to pay attention to ones cause), ar being launched within days ofthe elections.16 contempt Twitters attempts to shut them down it has been ineffective as these exploiters create hedge accounts, sham replies and fake grassroots movements.17These tweets target deskilled-journalists onlin e, laborurising some to traintheir visualizes. body politic is threatened if peoples views be influenced by falsestatements in the guise of news. Aside from political motivations, thespreading of fake news was also noned by users retweeting fake images of theHurri messe light-haired disaster18,and pictures of the of Osama Bin dilutes dead body.19Such action usually goes un noniced unless soulfulness has detected and reported theissue. This response is different for publishersbecause they are subject to the IPSO, or a standardized body. Journalists employedby regulated publishers are mandatory to uphold the values enforced in theEditors code of practice. This aims to ensure trueness of information and astandard of professional journalism is maintained20 . However, digitalintermediaries are not held accountable by some(prenominal) body, like the IPSO, even thoughthey have a large audience that is affected by make stories. Therefore,it is crucial that these organisations ta ke some responsibility in resolvingthis issue.21Withoutimplementing any strict regulatory initiatives such incidences would occurdaily and remain unquestioned, release users to believe false information. Statutory mandate would therefore fill the snapin the law, bringing clarity and holding digitalintermediaries responsible for their part in disseminating fake news. There is no doubt that intermediaries play a dominant role in the internationalpublic sphere, but mayhap we need to address the question of whether we shouldcontinue to consider them as spotless intermediaries.22 Unlike news appendrs, intermediaries have noinvestment in journalism and are therefore more likely to drip out news. This limits users soul of the world, as they are insulatedfrom opposing views. The take a chance is that these filter bubbles (restrictions of ausers perspective) pull up stakes promote misperceptions byhiding the truth,23 which supports the economic models ofintermediaries because digit al programmatic advertising follows users throughtheir clicks, shares and likes.24 By learning from the pastactions of a user, news feeds impart moreover show similar material in their nextuse. Requiring digital intermediaries to transfer theirapproach by bursting this filter bubble would not be in their commercialinterests, as the bubbles content is what keeps users engaged. Statutory standard would therefore enforce strict rules on how intermediaries shouldenforce mechanisms to detect and filter fake news instead of opposing views. Moreover, ensuringimpartiality and verity is important especially during election time. A BuzzFeed advanceds abridgment found that top fake election news stories generated more totalengagement on Facebook than top election stories from 19 major(ip) news outletscombined.25This instability illustrates the signifi pratt role digital intermediaries play intodays society, and therefore it is particularly concerning if their newscontent is fake. Ifnewsp apers and broadcasting media organisations are make to follow strictguidelines on impartiality26 and accuracy, then whyshould it be any different for online platforms? For example, Section 319 of the communication theory interpret 2003 requires TV and radio broadcasters to approve with thestandard objectives make by Ofcom. This includes, reporting with due accuracyand not misleading27 furthermore, Parliamentrequires Ofcom to develop rules with respect to broadcasters wider editorialcoverage of elections.28 ex flipable prescripts onintermediaries would ensure information is not personalized to a userspreferences, thus maintaining impartiality and accuracy, whilst avoiding therisk of disseminating fake news to users. Statutory enactment of onlinenews providersThe dissemination of fake news by online newsproviders has proven to be a great concern as nameless individuals are inventing fake news for the purpose of generating clicks andearning revenue.29 Such airhas been identify in Macedonia, where teenagers were found to be making moneyby creating fake news on US presidential candidates and promoting it via socialmedia.30 If statutory mandate is placed on digital intermediaries, then the samecould be through for online news providers, as the same news from online newsproviders ordain be shared via digital intermediaries. This was proven tobe the case as mixed US sites claimed to be exposing Russian propaganda,31was shared via otherwise online platforms which influenced voter behavior in the USelections.32Examples such as as this suggest misleading, sloped propaganda is also partof the fake news phenomenon.33 It is thereforeimportant to pock statutory regulations for both, as this type of de-skilled citizen journalism is athreat to democracy especially because peoples views are being influenced by non-white and inaccurate information.34Furthermore,news outlets that only have an online presence,such as AOL news, Vice, and Huffington Post, are not subje ct to any regulatorycontrols as they are not members of regulatory bodies like IPSO35even though they are subject tosome statutory control such as defamation,36copyright37and data protection laws,38control is not the same as the additional regulatory standards most UK press(with a physical and online presence) comply to. Without belonging to anyrecognised regulator, publishers may have to payexemplary change under the Crime and Courts Act for defamation or otherrelevant claims39therefore, it would be in the interests of online publishers to collaborate arecognized regulatory body. Interestingly, Wikipedia recently bannedDaily situation as an unreliable source and excluded it as a source of reference.Wikipedia claimed the newspaper to have a reputation for poor fact checkingand sensationalism.40These claimed characteristics are another concern for UK journalism, as IPSOregulates Daily Mail (Associated Newspapers Limited) 41yet they are still being labelled as an unreliable source. This indicates theineffectiveness of IPSO as it failed to ensure the credibility of a publisherthey regulate. Such failures generate an free fall towards statutoryregulation of online news providers as regulatory bodies are not enough, toensure that newspapers report accurately and without exaggeration. Not only dosuch flaws lose the publics trust in professional journalism but they alsocreate a society that is vulnerable to fake news. There is also no evidence to suggest that the levels of accuracy are rising or that the self-regulatorybodies set up by the major publishers, and IPSO, are having any identifiablepositive effect.42Hence, it may be necessary to set up statutory regulations of online newsproviders which will create a more direct and stringent approach to tacklingfake news. The Leveson Report43suggested that such statutory regulation would be necessary to underpin theprocess of recognition, and reinforce the importance of statutes guaranteeingpress freedom.44However, t hree years on from the publication of the Leveson Report, thelandscape of press regulation is still fragmented and confused,45and it may therefore be necessary to re-consider these suggestions. The implementation of statutory regulation, combined with independent regulatorybodies, should be protracted to intermediaries and online news providers. Such aframework is an essential stepping stone towards a regulatory regime that isentirely fit for purpose in this new era. The contradict issues with thisinitiative would include costs, and whether a consensus by major publishers andonline platforms can be formed. Self-regulationby digital intermediariesAn alternative to statutory regulations would be to enforcea self-regulatory system for digital intermediaries which would allow them tohave significant control in filtering fake news according to methods theybelieve are most effective. dirt Zuckerberg, althoughfirst dismissing the idea that fake news influenced the US election, later adj udge the role of social media in helping promote fake news, andproposed shipway in which Facebook could help resolve this issue.46 Actions include taking anapproachthat will focus less on banning misinformation, and more on ascendadditional perspectives and information, including that fact checkers disputean items accuracy.47Other waysFacebook could reduce fake news without resorting to censoring includenudging, crowdsourcing and reducing the algorithmic bias.48Nudging involves monitoring what users are writing in anew deport if the content includes words they may regret posting, it notifiesthem. Crowdsourcing allows users to evaluate news sources by indicating ratings. Lastly, the mostimportant solution is to reduce the algorithmic bias. This involves trying to decrease filter bubbles that create an echo chamber, where similar ideasbounce roughly endlessly which is a job when the echo chamber blocks out disciplinary or fact-checking information.49Although, some digital interme diaries have already taken steps to tackle the issue of fake news, it would be ineffective to give them sole responsibility. More useful would be to establisha governance mechanism, such as an independent board, that could check whetherthe algorithms accord with acceptable principles.50 This view is support by theTrust Project, which suggests that algorithms alone will struggle to root outfake news, unless they can quantify indicators of trust elements, which canhelp set a kitemark for trustworthiness.51This suggestion includes being able to distinguish the intentions behind thenews, and whether it is genuine, or inaccurate reporting. Therefore, remedies based solely on technological fixes or market-driven corrections will not, on their own, address these problems. Additionally, judgments of thiskind need to be cautiously reviewed hence, an independent body should beestablished to perform this role. This approach will ensure tech platformsmaintain transparency in the work they melt down out to tackle this public issue.Firstly, thereis no guarantee that only one countrys statutory regulation would work astechnologic advancements allow users to create and access online news sitesfrom anywhere in the world. If users can create fake news, they can create fakeidentities, which raises concerns for verification,accountability and accuracy52 therefore,alternative solutions may be needed to tackle the problem effectively. This view is supported by Dr Tambini from the LSE, who states that the unprecedentednumber of fake news sites is a huge and far-reaching problem that cannotbe dealt within existing legal categories.53 Therefore, apossible solution to tackling fake news would be to establish a world(prenominal)regulatory body that could operate across borders. Taking such an approachwould not hinder the freedom of expression nor create restrictive frameworks,as a globose collective regulatory body would find common ground, respecting therights of all democratic inst itutions, and ensure that accuracy of informationcould be maintained across online platforms. Whereas, it would be difficult toestablish statutory regulation without hindering the right to freedom ofspeech, whichmust be balanced against the risk of giving states excessive powers over theexpression rights of individuals and organizations creating such content.54The only syndicatewhere there may be an argument for statutory regulation is the house ofdeliberate falsehood with intent to compromise national security.55However, such a high standard will be difficult to escort and not tackle thephenomena of fake news. Instead a global regulatory system is more likely to create aneffective solution that can monitor all types of fake news. However, the majorconcern with creating a global regulatory body is forming a consensus toestablish one, and deciding some oecumenic criteria of what constitutes as fakenews. Regardless of the flaws in a global regulatory body, it is likely to bethe mo st effective solution for a global problem. A further concern that must beaddressed is the ill-treatmentof the term fake news. The term fake news has been used by public figuresand politicians to justify politically motivated attacks on journalists andpress freedom.56 Whatwas once considered a symbiotic relationship between politics, media and thepublic is round from a Golden Triangle into a Bermuda Triangle. 57 Representativesfrom the White hearthstone and President Trump have used this term on manyoccasions to accuse media reports that oppose Trumps views.58Moreover, in the UK, headlines such as, we invested 10bn extra in the NHSlast year, and claims that, Corbyn would order Labour system of macrophages to vote for thegovernments bill triggering Article 50,59were later found to be false. Nonetheless journalists claim to have correctly see quotes from politicians, but due to the lack of clarity, andchanging views of the politicians, their journalism was labelled as fakenews.60T his labelling is no fault of their own, but it definitely damages theirreputation as credible sources in the eyes of the public. A global regulatorybody could establish mechanism which safeguard online journalists andindividuals that may have complaints to online content. These mechanisms would be similar to the way the press iscurrently protected by regulatory bodies such as IPSO, Ofcom, and AdvertisingStandard Authority which provide all individuals with a complaints procedure toresolve disputes.61For online news sites created by individuals, hitherto such protections andremedies are not available. In these cases, the only way the news sites couldsafeguard themselves from possible accusations of creating false news would beto become members of such bodies. A global regulatory body could protect andhold online journalists accountable for their reports, and scrutinise claims bypoliticians in the public eye. This protection could be extended to theexistent online press, to further s afeguard them from accusations and ensureaccuracy. Traditionalgatekeeping mechanisms, such as national statutory laws and self-regulatory frameworks, canensure online platforms are subject to similar frameworks as newspapers andthe broadcasting media are, but this approach would ultimately fail because the internet has no borders- allowing online platforms to operateglobally, across multiple jurisdictions.62 Fake news created in adifferent country, would still be accessible and impact users from othercountries, (as proven to be the case with Macedonia). Therefore, the issue offake news can only be tackled effectively by all democratic institutions throughthe creation of a global regulatory body. BibliographyAllen Nick and Lawler David, Donald Trump says fake media is enemyof the people they have no sources, none (The Telegraph, 24 February 2017)accessed 13 April 2017BBC, Donald Trump aide accuses BBC of fake news (BBC News, 17February 2017) accessed 13 April 2017BBC, Fake news How can African media deal with the problem? 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(Aol.co.uk,12 Dec 2016) accessed11 April 2017Public relations and communicationsassociation (PRCA), PRCA response to the CMS Committees Fake News Inquiry (Prca.org.uk,6 March 2017) accessed 11 April 2017Robbins Martin, Fake news and fact-checking Trump is demonstratinghow to puzzle an AI (Theguardiancom, 31 January 2017) accessed 13 April 2017Sievers Bruce andSchneider Patrice, The Civic Media Crisis and What Philanthropy Can Do (SSIR)(Stanford hearty Innovation Review 8 March 2017) accessed 8 April 2017Singer-Vine, around Americans Who See Fake News Believe It (BuzzFeed News, 7th December 2016) accessed 13 April 2017Stromer-galley Jeremy, Three ways Facebook could reduce fake newswithout resorting to censorship (The Conversation, 2 December 2016) accessed 13 April 2017Tambini Damian, Fake News Public constitution Responses, LSEMedia Policy Project Series, (2017) pp13-15The Trust Project Org, (thetrustproject.org,2016) accessed13 April 2017Thompson Clive, Why Facebook and Twitter have a civic duty toprotect us from fake news (WIRED UK, 24 February 2017) accessed 11 April 2017UK Parliament, Select Committee on communications Corrected oralevidence Children and the Internet (Dataparliamentuk, 22 November 2016) accessed 11April 2017UK Parliament, Social Media and Access to Information (UK Parliament,Jan 2017) accessed 11 April 2017Wahl-Jorgensen Karin, HintzArne, Dencik Lina, Bennett Lucy, Journalism,citizenship and surveillance 2017 5(3) Digital Journalism pp 256-261Wardle Claire, Fake news Its complicated, (First Draft News, 16February 2017) accessed 9 April 2017 chic Michael, News Plurality and Digital Intermediaries EuropeanJournalism lookout- EJO (European Journalism Observatory EJO, 28 August2012) accessed 13 Ap ril 2017Zuckerberg Mark, Building Global Community (Facebook.com,16 February 2017) accessed 11 April 20171 Wahl-Jorgensenet al, Journalism, citizenship and surveillance2017 5(3) Digital Journalism pp.256-2612 Brian Mcnair, Fake news a users guide (The-Conversation, 6 March 2017) accessed11/April/20173 UK Parliament, Social Media and Access toInformation (UK-Parliament, Jan 2017) accessed11/April/20174 Siervers and Schneider, The CivicMedia Crisis and What Philanthropy Can Do (StanfordSocial Innovation Review, 8 March 2017) accessed8/April/20175 EmmaGoodman, How has media policy responded to fake news? (LSE-Media-Policy-Project, 7 February 2017), accessed11/April/20176 Claire Wardle, Fake news Its complicated, (First Draft News, 16 February 2017),accessed9/April/20177 Ibid 8 Michael Wise, News Plurality and DigitalIntermediaries-EJO (European JournalismObservatory-EJO, 28 August 2012), accessed13/April/20179 JessicaGoodfellow, Only 4% of people can distinguish fake news from truth, Channel 4study finds (The Drum, 6 February 2017), accessed online 11/April/201710 Impress,IMPRESS Submission on Fake News varlet , (Impress press, 10th March2017) accessed 11/April/201711 Ibid12 Ceron et al, Every tweet counts? How sentimentanalysis of social media can improve our knowledge of citizens politicalpreferences with an application to Italy and France 4 April 2013 16(2) New Media & Society, pp.340 35813 Lizzie Dearden, Brexit research suggests 12 millionLeave voters regret their choice in reversal that could change result (TheIndependent, 1 July 2016) accessed 13/April/201714 Ibid15 Clive Thompson, Why Facebook and Twitter have acivic duty to protect us from fake news, (WIREDUK, 24 February 2017), accessed11/April/201716 Metaxas et al, Manipulationof social media affects perceptions of candidates and compromisesdecision-making 26 Oct 2012 338(6106) Social Media and the Electionspp.472-47317 Ibid18 Gupta etal, Faking Sandy characterizing andidentifying fake images on Twi tter during Hurricane Sandy 2013 In Proceedings of the 22nd Internationalconference on WWW 13, pp.729-763719 Newman et al, Social Media and the NewsImplications for the Press and Society, (OUP, 2014), pp.13920 Ipso, Editors Code of Practice, (TheIndependent Press Standards Organization), accessed10/April/201721 UK Parliament, Select Committee onCommunications Corrected oral evidence Children and the Internet (Data.parliament.uk,22 November 2016), accessed11/April/201722 NMA, CMS Select Committee Fake NewsInquiry NMA Response (News.media.uk.org, 30 March 2017), accessed 11/April/201723 R.Kelly Garrett, Facebooks problem is morecomplicated than fake news (TheConversation, 17 November 2016), accessed11/April/201724 Ibid25 BBC, Fake news How can African media deal with theproblem? (BBC News, 16 February 2017), accessed11/April/201726 Brian Mcnair, Journalismand Democracy a millennial audit 2000 1(2) Journalism Studies pp.20727 CommunicationsAct 2003, Section 319(2)(d) and (h)28 Ofcom, R eview of Ofcom list of major politicalparties for elections (Ofcom.org.uk, 16 March 2015), accessed12/April/201729 Jonathan Goldsbie, CraigSilverman, the man who exposed the fake-news racket in 2016 (NOW-Magazine, 22 December 2016) accessed 11/April/201730 Andrew Byrne,Macedonias fake news industry sets sights on Europe (www.ft.com, 16 December 2016), accessed11/April/201731 Steven Nelson, Publications Called Russian-PropagandaDistributors Consider Suing Anonymous Experts, (US-News, 29 November 2016), accessed9/April/201732Adam Johnson, Why are media outlets still citing discredited Fake News Blacklist?, (FAIR,1 December 2016)

An Analysis Of the Financial Situation of TESCO PLC

An Analysis Of the Financial Situation of TESCO PLCIntroductionReason for selection of this topicThe selection of topic is come out of the closetdoor staged on my reading to the highest degree Tesco speedyly growing articles and its strategy for growth topic is based on quad vital playing parts increment in the UKTo inflate by growing internation ein truth(prenominal)yTo be as smashed in non-food as in foodTo follow customers into rude(a) selling serveFrom the list of suggested topics an abridgment of the pecuniary situation of an organization seems to be dinky and posting topic. The making of this report help me in variant ways like im farmment in analytical skills and cartridge clip management.Company writeJack Cohen established Tesco in 1919, when he began to sell surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. In 1924, the frontmost birth-brand intersection point sold by Jack was Tesco Tea. In 1932, Tesco became a private special(a) ph iodiner. In 1983, Tesco stores (Holding) Ltd became PLC.Tesco became Britains thumpinggest independent petrol retailer in 1995Tesco became the number iodine in this country with 17% of the market sh ar in 1995.Tesco is unitary of the largest food retailers in the world, operating(a) around 2,700 stores.The group operates through septuple store formats, including Extra, Superstore, Metro, Express and hypermarkets.Tesco ope dimensionnsUK (1,900 stores)European countriesAsiaTesco ProductsElectrical trustworthysHome cheerClothingPh matchlesssBroadbandHealthBeautyStationeryKitchen utensilsSoft furnishingsseasonal builder goodslevel of producesValueFinestBrandedTesco and Retail financial aid profile grocery store market is one of the most evolving markets. Tesco is the third largest supermarket in retail manufacture world. Competition is directly with the small and independent chains and with impudently(prenominal) grand names of retail persistence. Todays consumer is changing their shopping patterns with the changes in marketing strategies by the grocery market. Tescos is innovative in its marketing strategy and maintain its awesome understand of market make out by huge spending on marketing and fulfilling the wants and needs of customer. (RETAIL INDUSTRY REPORT 2007)It is 60 courses since Tesco was first listed on the London Stock Exchange, as Tesco Stores (Holdings) Ltd, with a sh are scathe of 25 pence. It was only ten years ago that it laid bring out a spic-and-span strategy for growth, a strategy which looked to find new customers, new markets, new products and new opportunities,thriving international crease and assessing markets with over deuce billion people. addresshttp//www.tescocorporate.com/ yearbookreview07/01_tes speak toory/tes personifyory.htmlTescos market share has surpassed 30% for the first time in 2005, providing further ammunition for consumer groups who want its dominance curbed. reference bookhttp//www.thisismoney.co.uk/ intell igence/article.html?in_article_id=401840in_page_ id=2Aims Objectives of the ReportAnalysis of recent performance of TescoAnalysis for the avail of all s embraceholders and shareownersFuture performance predictionMethods of analysisMethod to analysis the performance of Tesco is based on the competition with Sainsbury (leading British retailer).The main primer coat is to understand the concern of shareholders almost their dividend income and growth of nifty. Therefore the report is in the first place focused on the following aspects SWOT anaalysisSWOT analysis of Tesco is just about the internal and external factors, which helps me to understand the watercourse position of friendship.Profitability comparison of the meshwork with their rivalsLiquidityThis is the most concerned factor for the investor to know about. usually companies are not forced into liquidation for not making attain, that when they cannot gift their debts off.GrowthExpectations of shareholders in highl y competitionFinancingFinancing should be accurate and appropriate towards their objectives.investment fundsAnalysis on investment towards future tense positivityShareholders harvest-timeAnalysis on how effective the group is locomote shares of shareholders.The few key factorsGearing ratio Gearing is a esteem of financial leverage, demonstrating the degree to which a firms activities are funded by owners pays versus creditors funds and is the key indicator of the share prices.ROCE ( kick the bucket on enceinte employed)To examine the entire grand-term funds invested in the group to earn the return.EPS (Earning Per Share)Earning per share (EPS) is wide used by both present and future investors to gauge the serviceability of a association. unwashed profit marginCompares a companys performance with its competitors in foothold of profit margin.Limitations of AnalysisRatios are static and it does not contrive the future trends frequently.Ratios are based on information in distinct articles and websites. It ignores the affect of inflation.Financial statements themselves render limitations IAS 16 similarly allows a superior in the midst of measuring non trustworthy pluss at cost less amounts pen off, or at revalued amount (FTC Foulks Lynch Paper 2.5, 2004).On the other hand IAS 17 leaves somewhat vague the distinction between finance leases and operating leases. By classifying a lease as an operating lease, it is accomplish fitted for a lessee to nurse leased assets and their corresponding liabilities off the balance tag (FTC Foulks Lynch Paper 2.5, 2004).The earning power of a problem may wholesome be affected by factors, which are not reflected in the financial statements.Executive SummaryTesco has maneuvern improving takes during the recent years and an excellent result this year as hearty compared to previous performance of the company. Tesco Groups result for the year 2006/07 is as followsTurnover -10.9%Operating profit -17.7%Prof it before taxation-20.3%Group underlying profit-13.2 %Group trading profit-11.1 % vestigial weaken earning per share cast up by 11.6% on comparable with(predicate) basis, to 22.36p ( stomach year-20.04). terminal dividend has been proposed 6.83p per share (last year-6.10). This represents an increase of12%.Gearing level remained at 48% as last years.Cash outflow is 265m compared to last year Cash influx 165m last years.Above results represent the fabrication of progress of the group, which reflects the consumer satisfaction, shareholders and stakeholders confidence in Tesco. Tesco generates their profits faster than revenue and the improvement in production.Information hostPrimary seekPrimary information is data, which is, collected specifically by or for the user, at source for example the management accounts of a company (BPP Success in your Research Analysis Project 2005). Most of my work is based on secondary sources. Secondary questionMost of my research is based on se condary type of research.AcademicReading the schoolbook provided the initial outline, approach, research suggestions and structuring for the project. Subscription publications such as Accounting and Business accomplished library researchGoing to the British and Corydon Library enabled me to gain annoy to the academic publications on research methods for melody, as tumefy as industry-specialist publications. electronic researchFinancial Journals and Tesco website, which enabled me to obtain last three years annual and interim reports, and company presentations to analysts, investors and portfolio.ACCA website (http//www.accaglobal.com/) provided an easy-to- search database of articlesUsing Inter pelf search engines (Goggle, hayseed Finance) enabled me to collect a lot of information about Tesco and its competitors.Other Methods to roll InformationSpecialist Accountancy Publications (Accountancy Age)Annual Accounts of CompanyTelephone calls, e-mailAnalysts reportsNewspaper articl esDiscussions with superiorsAnalysis and Presentation(Note All the figures used below are taken from Tesco and Sainsburys annual accounts, except where mentioned) Strategic AnalysisCost leadersCost leadership is a generic strategic thrust that emphasizes providing products and run at the lowest per unit cost at heart an entire market. ostiary notes (1980) Cost leadership requires aggressive construction of efficient- surpass facilities, vigorous pursuit of cost reductions from experience, tight cost and overhead chair, avoidance of marginal customer accounts, and cost minimization in areas like RD, service, gross sales force, advertising, and so on (p. 35).from Porter, M. competitory Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, New York The Free Press, 1980.Michael Porter suggested four generic business strategies that could be adopted in order to gain competitive advantage. The four strategies relate to the conclusion to which the scope of businesses acti vities are narrowing versus broad and the extent to which a business seeks to differentiate its products.The four strategies are summarized in the figure belowThis strategy is usually associated with large-scale businesses like Tesco offering precedent products with sex actly little differentiation that are perfectly accep swallow across to the absolute majority of customers. Occasionally, a low-cost leader will also discount its product to maximize sales, curiously if it has a significant cost advantage over the competition and, in doing so, it can further increase its market share.Source http//tutor2u.net/business/strategy/competitive_advantage.htmSWOT AnalysisSTRENGTHLeading British MarketCustomer research and its careful positioningEconomy of scaleWEAKNESSESLimitations in spreading new outlets in UKOPPORTUNITIESGrowth in Non-Food retailsInvestment in international marketTHREATSThreats from rivalCompetition in overseas marketExtension in business makes it difficult to mana ge composition put on the lineSTRENGTHSBritains Market LeaderTesco is the market leader of retail industry in UK and holds 31.5%share of whole market as compared to its competitors ASDA Sainsburys who hold 16.7% and 16.0%.Source http//scot estate of the heartymonsunday.scotsman.com/business.cfm?id=68862007Customer Research and its carefulpositioningTescos ability to empathies with its customers is the result of in-depth research, and has been key to its resoundingly fortunate entries into so many an(prenominal) new markets. Their market research doesnt stop at new customers, but accosts existing customers buying habits too.Tesco has expanded its customer base by its increased efforts to embrace customers from all levels of society, and all income brackets. For example, two normal food product ranges the luxury range called Tesco Finest and the bud larn version, Tesco Value are both carried within all of its stores.Sourcehttp//www.growthbusiness.co.uk/expansion/259636/what- tesco-can-teach-us.thtmlEconomy Of overcomeTescos has massive buyer power over suppliers these economies of scale allow Tescos to compete fiercely on price without imperiling its own margins in a mount industry in which aggregate revenue growth is unspectacular.WEAKNESSES LIMITATIONS IN origin NEWOUTLETSThe massive volume of sites under development and owned by the supermarket groups, and in particular by Tescos, is a central plank in a new Competition Commission investigation into the grocery sector.The Commission is considering to review the rules that modulate store scuttles. Under current guidelines, a retailer keen to open in a particular town must simply prove that the location needs a new supermarket. The national market share of that supermarket chain is not taken into account.The Commission will also take a close look at the controversial issue of land banking retailers supposed practice of buying vast tracts of land merely to get across rivals from opening on them .Source http//www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2006/04/30/cctesco30.xmlOPPORTUNITIESGrowth in non-food sectorAccording to Retail research company finding of fact, in 2007, for e very 10 spends on non-food shopping, 1 will be fatigued at the supermarkets.And Tesco is set to become the UKs number one non food retailer, with Verdict predicting it will capture 3.6 percent of the non-food shopping market this year, overtaking the current number one GUS (owner of Argos and Homebase) which currently has 3.5 percent market share.Source http//www.clicka romp.co.uk/ news show/tesco-to-become-uk-s-largest-non-food-retailer3675.htmlTesco stores sell some non-food, it is Tescos Superstore and Extra formats that offer the biggest choice. These offer electrical, home entertainment, clothing, health and beauty, stationery, cook shop and soft furnishings, plus seasonal goods such as barbecues and garden furniture in the summer. The company has launched a highly triple-crown range of own brand goods from microwaves to garden furniture.Source http//www.999today.com/homeandgarden/news/story/1804.htmlInvestment in external MarketInternational growth forms a key element of Tescos four-part strategy and the business currently trades in 12 countries outside the UK, mainly in Asia and Central Europe. Over half of Tescos interchange space is now outside the UK.Sourcehttp//www.tescocorporate.com/page.aspx?pointerid=14163CB2412F41B1BD7765AC8DBE49EBTotal international sales grew by 5.3% to 11.0 billion. On a comparable 52-week basis, sales increased by 17.9% at actual rates. International contributed 564 million to trading profit, up 10.8% at actual rates (up 18.0% on a comparable 52-week basis). (Annual Report)The US represents the biggest job for Tesco expansion in international world.The fact that the USA has been such an ill at ease(p) graveyard for almost every British retailer that has opened there merely adds an extra frisson to Tescos plans. J Sainsbury, Mark s Spencer and Dixons founder all returned from stateside adventures with their tails between their legs.With this in mind Tesco has gone to extraordinary lengths to keep its plans secret. It has also carried out one of the most thorough pieces of market research in corporate history to date that its efforts are not disjointed in translationSource http//www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2007/06/10/cntesco110.xmlTescos new US convenience store chain is struggling to attract shoppers. If scented prosperous fails, it will add to the list of UK retail brands unable to turn back into the US and also be very dilative to international returns.ThreatsThreats from RivalsTesco is facing a lot of competition from its local and international rival. It has diversed its business in different products, which increased its competitors so it requires more than efforts and attention to deal with the competition and to gear up its position in the market.Competition faced in over seas markets systematically maintaining the No 1 position in the UK, Sir Terry and Tesco are aspect overseas for growth. Over the last decade Sir Terry has led Tesco into Asia and Europe, opening stores in different countries. America is the major item on the table and India is expected to follow. Managing the international business takes up an increase amount of attention and clear understanding of political, spending, religious and many other factors.Reputation riskTesco is the largest retailer in the UK expectations of the Group are high. Failure to protect the Groups reputation and brand could lead to a loss of trust and confidence. This could result in a decline in the customerbase and affect the ability to recruit and throw good people. (Annual Accounts)Extension in makes it difficult to manageTescos extension itself is big challenge. The competition commission is enquiring about Tescos land bank holding and in some areas not approval for store development is one example. Te scos modify its business in different segment which government agency downfall in one will have impact on other business area as come up.Review of 2007 resultsGroup SummaryGroup sales, including VAT, increased by 8.1% to 46.6bn (last year 43.1bn) and by 10.9%on a comparable 52-week basis. At constant exchange rates, sales increased by 7.9% and10.8% respectively.Group operating profit go up by 17.7% to 2,648m. Total net Group seat profits were 139m, comprising 98m in the UK, a 6m loss in Asia and a 47m profit within Joint Ventures and Associates.Return on capital employedIn April last year, Tesco renewed its commitment to increasing their post-tax return on capital employed (ROCE), having outflanked their 2004 aspiration two years early. The fuddled performance of the business delivered slightly higher ROCE in 2006/07 at 12.6% (last year 12.5%), (Including the one-off benefit from Pensions A-Day, ROCE was 13.6%). This represents good progress and was achieved despite carrying the extra start-up costs and investment in the US and Tesco Direct as well as the integration costs and capital employed in their International acquisitions and increased stake in Hymall. This representation that ROCE is on track to meet their new target. (Annual Accounts)Whereas, Sainsbury has shown magnificent improvement in their ROCE (2.76% in 2006 and 6.3% in 2007) (refer to Appendix) but still has to do a considerable deal of effort to challenge the market leader in terms of absolute figures.Return on capital shareholders fundThe Groups total shareholder return performance (i.e. share price preemptments plus dividends reinvested) for the year 2006 and 2007 relative to the FTSE 100 index of companies is 143116 for FEB 06 and 195132 for FEB07. This index has been selected to provide an established and Broad-based comparator group of retail and non-retail companies of similar scale to Tesco, against which the Groups TSR performance can be measured. There has also been a very strong performance in TSR over the last three and five years against a comparator group of our major retail competitors in the UK, Europe and the US.Source http//www.tescocorporate.com/annualreview07/pdf/review/annual_review_and_sfs_2007.pdfGross Profit security depositProfit earned is the sales revenue less cost of goods sold. The congress between them is the gain profit margin, which in terms of dowry shows profit do out of sales. Gross profit margin is obtained by dividing gross profit by sales.Tesco Group sales, including VAT, increased by 8.1% to 46.6 billion (2006 43.1 billion) and by 10.9% on a comparable 52-week basis. At constant exchange rates, sales grew by 7.9% and 10.8% respectively. Group profit before tax increased by 18.7% to 2,653 million (2006 2,235 million) and by 20.3% on a comparable 52-week basis. Underlying profit before tax (excluding IAS 32 and IAS 39 and the non-cash elements of IAS 19, which are replaced by the normal cash contributions) increased t o 2,545 million, up by 11.8% (13.2% on a comparable 52-week basis Gross Profit Margin is 10.24% which increased by 4.70% compared to Sainsburys Gross Profit Margin of 10.29% which increased by 7.41%. This shows that Tesco has well control on cost cutting and productivity programme and focusing on the sales growth trying to keep the prices at lower margin. While, Sainsburys improvement demonstrates well pursue of their recover plan in which they include cost control as well.Asset TurnoverAsset turnover is the relationship between sales and assets i.e. sales per nominal value of Asset. This ratios has dropped from 2.62 for 2006 to 2.58 for the year 2007 indicating slight inefficiency of asset utalisation.(Appendix B) compared to Sainsburys which alter from 2.02 to 2.50(Appendix C).Tescos figure has decreased but it still is separate than Sainsburys that shows Tesco is utilizing its assets more efficiently.Gearing and LiquidityGearing represents long-term debt in relation to sharehol ders funds. A gearing ratio of about one-third is usually regarded as unimpeachable for a company, suggesting that it is not over-reliant on external borrowing. A figure in excess of this indicates a higher-geared company. High gearing ratios are most fitting to those companies with steady and reliable profits, whose earnings are sufficient to cover wager payments and where total dividends are low. However, wide fluctuations in positiveness would make a highly geared company extremely vulnerable t market conditionsSource http//vig.pearsoned.co.uk/catalog/uploads/Griffiths_C02.pdfHigh gearing indicates a high correspondence of debt in the capital structure. High-geared companies are deemed to be financially risky, because interest payments have to be met, regardless of profitability.Tescos gearing ratio has increased slightly from 60.39 to 62.87, on the other hand Sainsburys gearing ratio decreased by 44.74%. exactly with a high interest cover good current and view profitabili ty and low level of net debt the high gearing ratio should not present Tesco with any problems. (See Appendixes)A combination of retained profits, long and medium-term debt, capital market issues, commercial paper, bank borrowings and leases finance Tescos trading operations. The objective is to ensure continuity of funding. The policy is to smooth the debt adulthood profile, to arrange funding beforehand of requirements and to maintain sufficient undrawn committed bank facilities, and a strong credit rating so that maturing debt may be refinanced as it waterfall due.The Groups long-term credit rating remained stable during the year. Moodys and A+ by archetype and Poors rate Tesco Group A1. New funding of 1.8bn was arranged during the year, including a net 0.5bn from property joint ventures and 1.2bn from medium-term notes (MTNs). At the year-end, net debt was 5.0bn (last year 4.5bn) and the average debt maturity was nine years (last year six years). (Annual Accounts 2007)Curren t ratioThis ratio shows indicates the companys ability to meet its short obligations. The higher the ratio, the more liquid the company is. Current ratio is similitude between current assets and current liabilities. If the proportion between current assets and current liabilities is more than 2 then that company is generally considered to have good short-term financial strength. If current liabilities exceed current assets, then the company may have problems meeting its short-term obligations.The current ratios of Sainsburys group are break down than that of Tesco group. For 2007, the ratios were .561 and .711 for Tesco and Sainsburys respectively. (See Appendix)This means there is less assurance that Current liabilities of Tesco could be paid pronto comparative to Sainsbury. But the other point of concern is that Tescos has shown an improvement by 7.69% whereas Sainsburys current ratio shows a decline of 11.25% that again indicates not very effective management and utilization of assets as compared to Tesco.Interest coverIt states how many times a company can repay the interest from the current earning. The higher the cover, the safer the company is from liquidity crisis.Tesco improved its interest cover from 9.48 to 12.32(Appendix B) whereas Sainsburys improved its interest cover from 1.47 to 4.76(Appendix C).Tescos increased profits have improved its interest cover. Tesco is a highly geared company but it delivers great return to investors so there is no threat that it would not be able to cover its interest cost.LIMITATIONS specific to the ratio analysisThere are limitations to the usability and understandability of these rations and the analysis made from them. Almost all of these ratios are inter-linked and dependent and shows fluctuations if a few variables are gauged. Also, there are more than one agreed criteria for the choice of nominators and denominators so care must be taken while considering them in absolute figures (e.g., as more than 2 bu sy ratio is considered excellent) and for comparisons between two or more entities.A better asset turnover ratio might as well be because of the under valuation of assets and a decline might as well be because of acquisition of assets of increase in the market value f the assets as most of the assets held by retailers as Tesco and Sainsburys are in the real estate.Current ratio has been defined good or worse depends on industries as well, as debt is cheaper than equity Industry such as retail where Tesco has working capital days in negative (i.e. they have a chance to earn interest on the sales they have made as their suppliers finance those sales.) the more a company is geared (but within the safety margin) the better will its performance be, as the interest cover is pretty handsome.Growth and investmentsTescos has been investing in new markets overseas, seeking out new opportunities for growth and ways of generating long-term returns for shareholders. Tesco is also investing in di versified nature of business like investment in software program properties and recently investment in gardening are proof of well pursuit of its diversifying strategy.Group non-food sales have braggy to 10.4bn, including 2.9bn in International. sales growth, in the UK alone, was11.6% in the year, with total non-food sales increasing to7.6bn (included in describe UK sales). In non-food product which shown growth include clothing sale grew by 16%, health beauty sales increased by 9%, toys and support sale rose by 35%, stationery and DIY both sales grew up by 23%, consumer electronic sales rose by 35%. (Annual Accounts)Investors OutlookThe EPS is primarily a measure of profitability and states earnings/profit earned for one share and so an increasing EPS is seen as a good sign.Tescos Basic earning per share from continuing operations has raised from 20.20p to 23.61p compared to Sainsburys Basic earning per share which has raised from 3.8p to 19.2p which is massive. (See Appendix)T escos returns are well ahead from Sainsburys basic earning per share thats why Tescos share price gives better return to shareholder.Chart below shows the comparison between the share price of Tesco against one of its competitors namely Sainsbury and against the FTSE 100 index over two years. Tesco has performed slightly better than the FTSE 100 index over the second half of the year but Sainsburys performance is much better which has been amplified by the rumor of takeover ring of Sainsburys by Delta two and Qatar and also the role played by the victorious Sainsburys recovery plan.Total shareholder return (TSR), which is measured as the parting increase in the share price, plus the dividend paid, has increased by 36% in 2006/07, its largest value increase for ten years and the fastest percentage growth rate for three years. Over the last three years, TSR has grown 87% compared with the FTSE100 average of 58%. Over five years, the increase has been 102% compared to the increase in the average for FTSE100 companies of just 50%. (Annual Account)ConclusionTescos latest results show that it has been another successful year for Tesco.The most encouraging thing about Tescos performance is that Tescos coped well with the head-wind from recovering competitors, rising costs and tough conditions in some markets. Tescos come through in good shape and have make it by staying focused on doing the right things for Tescos customers and at the said(prenominal) time investing for future growth. (Annual Accounts)Tesco chief executive Terry Leahy said, boilersuit sales growth has strengthened in the period, with international delivering a particularly strong performance, and the UK has again done well, with good growth in our centre of attention food categories.Its non-food offering Tesco Direct, and the groups online grocery operation tesco.com had both delivered very strong sales in the quarter, said the company.Sourcehttp//icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/business-in-wales/bus iness-news/2007/12/05/good-progress-for-tesco-in-autumn-sales-91466-20203900/Tesco has laid self-colored foundations for future growth. Tesco is always looking to improve the way the owners of the business benefit from that growth.It has also been a good year for shareholders return. Of course, Tescos shares are higher in buoyant markets but Tescos is also doing more to contribute. Dividends are up to access 800 million, driven by last years change in policy, combine with the effect of our rising flow of property profits now rank for dividend. Tescos also bought back and cancelled almost 470 million worth of our own shares so far.(Annual Accounts)Tescos financial performance in 2006/07 was excellent. Turnover of 46,611m grew by 8.1%, diluted earning per share of 23.31m grew up by 17% and dividend per share 9.64 increased by 11.7%, putting Tesco in top place in retail industry in the UK. (Appendix A)Tescos position holds strong position in UK and now Tesco is concentrating towards International markets for improved return for its shareholders and to establish its business and loyalty of customers around the world. Tescos produced very good performace particularly against the background of political uncertainty and economic problems in three of its markets Hungary, Thailand and South Korea. This demonstrates that International now has the size and momentum to get through these things and still deliver.Tescos got much stronger in Central Europe, through rapid growth in new space and acquisition. In Asia as well, having done the groundwork in a couple of our newer markets, weve used acquisition to get on faster.(Annual Accounts)The biggest challenge in international market is its fresh move in the US market. If Tescos get fails in US it would be a disaster for their strategic planner.According to CNN, Tescos is aiming to open 200 Fresh Easy outlets by February 2009, with projections suggesting that annual sales could hit US$4bn,But Michael J Dennis, a senior research analyst with Minneapolis investment bank piper Jeffrey, described sales at the chain to date as a disaster.Based on interviews with suppliers, he said sales were running at about US$60,000 a week 70% down on targeted weekly revenues of

The Traffic Conjestion Problem In Sri Lanka Tourism Essay

The work Conjestion Problem In Sri Lanka Tourism quizSri Lanka is an island in the Indian Ocean in South Asia, 65 610 squ atomic number 18 toes kilo meters in area, divided into nine administrative provinces where community of around 21 million in 2009. The demesne measures astir(predicate) 400 kilometers from northwards to South and 250 km from East to West. The total length of trackway in Sri Lanka is 112,603 km in 2009. The count of fomites in Sri Lanka in 2009 is 2,245,108. By 1948, when Sri Lanka became independent, in that location were somewhat 11,000 km of roadsteadteadteadteadtead, of which about 7,000 km were paved. Sri Lanka has a road earnings of about 112,603km, comprising about 11,760 km of national roads 15,743 km of churl roads 80,600 km of local authority roads and 4,500 km of roads owned or controlled by irrigation, wildlife, and land development authorities. These national high shipway cost roads that are categorized as Class A and B roads, the high est categories in Sri Lankas road hierarchy. Provincial roads are categorized as Class C, D, and E roads. While the capa urban center of local and rural roads has been expanded since 1948, most of the trunk roads date back to pre-independence eld and their capacity has become inadequate owing in role to overlook maintenance. Road civilises are generally poor.Roads are the spine of the mail orbit in Sri Lanka. They are crucial for the movement of race and goods and incline a vital role in integrating the land, facilitating economical growth, and in conclusion reducing poverty. National roads are holding over 70 percent of the craft in Sri Lanka. Roads are very grievous for the large studyity of Sri Lankas mint who live in the villages. They are often the only way for most rural people to reach needful services such as hospitals, schools, markets, and banks, which are mostly situated out-of-the-way(prenominal) from their villages.1.2 Problem BackgroundThe facility of smooth relations movement is an alter as well as an asset to any city. But expectant city of Sri Lanka is facing a big problem with duty problem. trading problem has aggravated by the attention of all forms economic, commercial and administrative functions in the city.The city of Colombo attracts about 1.5 Million floating world on a operative day and with the addition of the resident tribe in the city. The total population in the city increases to more than 2 Million during the daytime. It is estimated that about 50% of the commuting population arrives in the city for employment or to connect in commercial activities and or to seem educational cornerstones. The rest comes to the city for various other purposes.Commuting population are used various forms of outrageation to enter the city. Both the number of vehicles and the passengers entering the City are increasing year by year. Traffic congestion is frequently increasing as more and more people buy vehicles. At the s ame time the residential population and the self-possession of vehicles within the city limits go forth also experience a incomparable growth. Vehicles are entering to the City from 9 entry points on working days agree been estimated to be around 275,000, and this is in addition to the contribution to the calling floor by the use of vehicles of the residents in the city. The combination of these aspects resolution is a greater attraction of the city for people from the rest of the country thus aggravating the transport problem in the city of Colombo.2. Reasons for relations congestionThe number of vehicles in the city is non the only factor in that contributes to congestion. There are several other authors for this business congestion.2.1 The current duty request ne tworkA signaling operation system is all important(p) to road efficiency. There are so many roundabouts and crossroads where no traffic signals are installed in every place. These places are famous for t raffic blocks since many motorists and pedestrians do not follow the prevalent rules. Pedestrians are track roads without regular intervals and using hand signals. It seems that the current traffic signal network in Colombo is in commensurate to maintain massive amounts of traffic volume.2.2 The current road systemMassive highways, many bridges, and tunnels poopnot be run aground all over the country like South Korea. Most of the roads are small and narrow.The conditions and standards of the roads are inadequate to meet promptly growing freight and passenger traffic.More than 50% of the national roads create poor or very poor surface condition and many are seriously congested. The scope for protracting roads on lively alignments is limit mainly because of land acquisition issues.2.3 Inadequate investmentDespite the substantial increases in traffic volume in that respect beat been inadequate investments for social organization of new highways or widening and improving exi sting roads. Over the past years the investment in the road sector has been mainly determined on the rehabilitation of the existing road network.2.4 intricate traffic systemNational highways, which are generally two-lane, has been unable to stretch forth the current volume of mixed traffic (pedestrians, bikes, buses, three-wheelers, and motor vehicles). Increasing traffic volumes and a traffic mix consisting of motorized and non-motorized traffic have resulted in low travel speeds, severe traffic congestions, and change magnitude diagonal rates.2.5 channel vendorsThere are embezzled constructions and highroad vendors are doing their businesses in roadsides. In most roads passage through roadsides is obstructed by these street vendors. Uncontrolled roadside development and businesses has reduced the capacity of the road network.2.6 punishable parkingIllegal parking monumentally contributes to congestion and impedes the traffic flow. Cities touch in Sri Lanka from unenforced driving and parking regulations. Although Vehicles parking in roadsides is illegal in the country most of motorists are parking their vehicles in roadsides reason for that is limitation of parking places.2.7 Sidewalks for pedestriansIn capital city, most of roads have constructed without sidewalks for pedestrians. When pedestrians are walking side on the road the existing roads have translated to as narrow roads.3. Data analysisIn this part has concern about most relevant data in affiliation with traffic congestion. Although South Korea has provided more facilities for their transport system they also are possessed problem with congestion. In South Koreans has enjoyed with many highways, bridges, tunnels, and express ways in connection with their transport system. In considering about traffic congestion can be considered as population, no of vehicles, no of accident and no of souls killed in accident are the most important factors. In the pursuit(a) data has been attention abo ut compare culture with South Korea and Sri Lanka.3.1 macrocosmThe following table no 1 and figure no1 has included information about population in thousand in two countries. tabularize no 1.Population in two countriesYear2000200120022003200420052006200720082009Sri Lanka Population(1000)18,71318,79718,92119,17319,46219,66819,88620,01020,15620,303South Korea population(1000)47,00847,35747,62247,85948,03948,13848,29748,45648,60748,747 character rudimentary patois of Sri Lankawww.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10Figure no 1.Population in two countries root word key Bank of Sri Lankawww.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10When considering about this information South Korea population is higher than Sri Lanka reason for that Sri Lanka is a small country than South Korea.3.2 No of registered vehiclesOther most important factor is no of registered vehicles in these two countries. In table no 2 and 3 are provided total no of vehicles in two countries.Table no 2. No of registered vehic le in South KoreaYearRegistered Vehicle(1000)Increasing Rate(%)200112,9107.1200213,9508200314,5904.6200414,9302.4200515,4003.1200615,9003.2200716,4303.4200816,7902.2 beginningwww.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10Table no 3. No of registered vehicle in Sri LankaYearRegistered Vehicle(1000)Increasing Rate(%)20011,77920021,8926.320032,0749.720042,29810.820052,5271020062,8281220073,12610.520083,3918.5Source Central Bank of Sri LankaFigure no 2.Registered vehicles in South KoreaSourcewww.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10Figure no 3.Registered vehicles in Sri LankaSource Central Bank of Sri LankaIn comparison with 2001 the no of vehicles has increased in 30% year 2008 in South Korea. There are 91% significant increment in Sri Lanka compare with 2001 and 2008. Although level of increased of total no of vehicles in both countries has decreased it is very significant in 2004 in South Korea.3.3 Traffic Accident in South KoreaIn the following tables and figures have been discussed about t raffic accident volume and how many people killed by road accident in both countries.Table no 4.Traffic Accident in South KoreaYear200020012002200320042005200620072008Traffic AccidentsVolume290,481260,579230,953240,832220,755214,171213,745211,662251,822 someoneKilled10,2368,0977,0907,2126,5636,3766,3276,1665,870Sourcewww.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10Table no 5.Traffic Accident in Sri LankaYear200020012002200320042005200620072008Traffic Accidents Volume54,25052,09255,03159,49453,45842,53735,76333,99331,872Person Killed199219522029193321162236223824022328Source Central Bank of Sri LankaFigure no 4. Traffic Accident in South KoreaSourcewww.iatss.or.jp/pdf/research/32/32-2-10Figure no 5. Traffic Accident in Sri LankaSource Central Bank of Sri LankaAlthough traffic accident volume has been decreased up to 2007 on that point is a considerable increment in 2008 in South Korea. In comparison with 2007, the traffic volume has been increased in 19% in the year 2008. In considering abou t Sri Lanka information the highest accident volume has been reported in year 2003.The amount is 59,494 accidents. After 2003, there are notable decreased in the traffic volume of Sri Lanka.When concerned about no of killed person in accident there are big different with two country. Although in South Korea the no of killed person in accident has been decreased year by year the Sri Lanka piazza is different. There has been reported a significant increment about no of person killed in accident.4. Solutions for problems4.1 Traffic signal networkTo respond traffic congestion in capital city must be establish new traffic signals in every roundabout, cross road and prerequisite places. It will be appreciable affected to reduce traffic congestion. The traffic signal network is established in 100% in the developed countries and many of other countries.4.2 Improve road foundation.It is necessary to construct a modern road network, and upgrade existing roads to meet the countrys economi c and social development needs. In addition to the need for improving and rehabilitating deteriorated roads, there is an urgent need to embark on a program for the construction of new intercity highways. In considering about road infrastructure should concern about sidewalks and illegal constructions. It will be helped to facilitate more road property to the motorist on the road.4.3 Private sector investmentThe Government has limited capacity to finance public investments. Innovative financing strategies especially close sector investment will be needed to mobilize sufficient funding for such highways. Using these funds can be alter road maintenance and construction and make road development sustainable. The political science should promote private sector participation in road infrastructure improvement.4.4 Transport Planning and Coordination.Transport sector responsibilities in Sri Lanka have been widen over a multitude of ministries and agencies, leading to a highly disjointed structure of decision-making. At present there are nine ministries with a direct responsibility for transport infrastructure. When taking decisions regarding road infrastructure it have been affected for all these authorities. In the past decades, many decisions have not match and there are also big argument about these decisions.The Sri Lankan disposal should take necessary travel to establish one institution from gathering these all relevant institutions to provide a purify transport services.5. Policy implementation5.1 A national policy regarding traffic signalThe traffic signals will helps to improve traffic flow on roads. These steps would ensure less traffic congestion and traffic accidents compare with antecedent situation.5.2 Private investmentAccording to current situation in the country, government should think a national policy regarding private investment on the road infrastructure. Lack of finance situation in the government, this step will be helped to government to improve the road infrastructure in the country.5.3 overturn responsible institutionsIn present there are several institutions in regarding road transport. It would not be good to taking the decisions. In considering that, can be arrange these all institutions under one policy regarding the road transportation.6. ConclusionThe efficiency of Sri Lankas transport sector has blocked by a variety of constraints. Sri Lanka depends on foreign trade and it can be increased by efficient transport network in the country. Globalization of trade has risen not only from the liberalization of trade, but also from major advances in communications, transport, and storage technologies. On time delivery of products and passengers has become a result of good transportation network. For travel of people and transportation of factors of production, semi-finished goods, and manufacture products will require efficient transport services. After following trenchant and efficient policies regarding tran sportation network can be achieved a better transport network in the country.

Treatment Intervention to Improve Sleeping Habits

Treatment Intervention to Improve Sleeping HabitsIndividual Assignment grim Sleeping HabitsKoh Ke Mian gloomy Sleeping Habits match to Carskadon and Dement (2011), slumber is both combinations of physical and behavioral processes. When dormancy, the awareness to environment stimuli depart decline (Carskadon Dement). On the some otherwise hand, National Institutes of Health (2011) had tell that peace is just for your brain and dust to shut run through. People always animadvert quiet is merely their go across clip due to their brains give shut off when quiescence. at that placefore, stack allow always stay up deep be travail they exit have in mind quiescency is non important and it is wasting their season. Moreover, the police detectives found that how much you rested depends on the total cessation, timing of the sleep stages, and how much sleep you get all(prenominal) night (National Institutes of Health). Besides, Kashmir Monitor (2012) had stated that health problems are caused by the quiescency designings. In this globalization and urbanization, hopeless dormancy usage has be total popular and more and more young mass stay up late to repair sure their work is through with(p) on the daylight. In addition, multitude allow also sacrifice their sleep to do other things, much(prenominal) as rushing assignment which due on the next day, fancy movies, play games, or chit chatting. According to Sleep Health al-Qaida (2011), problematic sleeping habits is defined as poor sleep hygiene. defective sleeping habits undersurface be refer as erratically bed m routine, which is not enough sleep for each day and sleeping truly late. Bad sleeping habits whitethorn bring a lot of consequences to us which may influence our life.There are consequences that will be refered by deplorable sleeping habits. According to Harvard Health Publications (2007), on that point are joining between sleep and heart disease. They had state d that regretful sleeping habits may cause heart disease and heart disease will strike the quality of sleep (Harvard Health Publications). On the other hand, the researchers had also mentioned that bad sleep habits brings a lot of consequences, such(prenominal) as high fall pressure, atherosclerosis, heart bang, heart failure, stroke, diabetes, and obesity (Harvard Health Publications). According to Harvard Health Publications, on that point will be higher risk of getting heart attack due to the bad sleeping habits. Furthermore, the researcher had also stated that bad sleeping habits causes higher risk of getting mood disorder such as major depression (Oster, 2012). Other than that, the researcher had found that students who score bad sleeping habits will negatively affect their academic work (Park 2009). In addition, bad sleeping habits may also affect the effect and difficulty concentrating in class (Park). National Institutes of Health (2011) had stated that mass who suf fer from lack of sleep will slower down the sen cartridge holdernt processes, harder to focus or pay attention on something, may cause confusion easier, fare the wrong decision and risk taking, and slower down the reaction sequence. People who do something which need quick reaction may be dangerous if they suffer from lack of sleep.According to Cain (2012), the intervention of civilise will be effective in increasing the sleep withledge of sleep to adolescents. However, there are no significantly improvements of changing bad sleeping habits (Cain). On the other hand, students had stated that there were no motivations for them to veer their habits in order to get more sleep (Cain). According to Cain, he had stated that people who have bad sleeping habits have the trend to stave off the morning bright light. Other than that, the researchers had mentioned that changing a behavior may require the willingness of an individual (Miller Rollnick, 2002, p.10, as cited in Cain). To c hange the bad sleeping habits, the individuals should have the willingness to change and believe on their own ability which they can change the habits.Motivating me is the way that I can change this habit and knowing more about the effect that cause by the bad sleeping habits may force me to change it. I will change this habit due to the consequences that could bring me. According to Harvard Health Publications (2007), lack of sleep will cause high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, heart attack, heart failure, stroke, diabetes and obesity. deprivation of sleep may also affect an individual difficult to focus, decrease reaction cartridge clip, and faulty decision making (National Institutes of Health, 2011). In addition, the tools that I will use to suspensor me change my bad sleeping habits are annul to take caffeinated drink at least four hours before passing to sleep, not to take good deal in the evening because it may touch it harder to sleep at night, not taking meals when spillage to bed only not feel hungry, try to go to bed at aforementioned(prenominal) clips, and not spending too much of clip with bed bandage not sleeping (Sleep Health Foundation, 2011). According to LeBourgeois, Giannotti, Cortesi, Wolfson, and Harsh (2005), as cited in Marhefka (2011), avoid taking nap in the late-afternoon or taking nap more than an hour during day duration, and not taking intoxicant, caffeine, and tobacco before going to bed may have good sleeping habits.MethodTo make sure that I change the behavior, the behavior that I measure is the bad sleeping habits. In the service line phase, I have used a mobile app which called sleepbot (Refer to appendix F) to help me record my sleeping time and stir up time. This app help to record peoples sleep pattern and it can also track motion. It can help people know what are the problems that make them cannot sleep well and they can change their sleeping pattern through understanding this. Moreover, through recording my sleeping time and provoke up time, I can know the amount of my sleeping time that I slept in a day and mostly what time I go to bed. Moreover, in handling phase, I had isthmus apart disquietude clock for myself which remind me to sleep and wake up on time. Besides, sleepbot is the app that could help me fancy my amount of sleep and how much I debt to my sleep. I had set up the hours that I have to sleep which is octet hours a day and I set the alarm clock by using this app as well.Through using this sleepbot application, it reminds me the time I have to sleep usual which may help me change my bad sleeping habits. On the other hand, this app may also allow me to record my daily sleeping quality. I will choose this app to help me change my bad sleeping habits because this app has a lot of functions which I can use it and no need to transfer so m whatever apps that help me record my sleep quality. Furthermore, I will choose this app to help me change my conduct because the f irst things that I will do when I hold my eyes is check my smartphone. This app has the alarm clock system, so I will turn off it when it ring and it records my wake up time together, and I infer it is very convenience.ResultsIn the baseline phase, there are 54.4 hours of sleep time from 29th January 2015 to 5th February 2015 (Refer to Appendix A). The average daily sleep in these seven days is 9.1 hours. There is only a day which I did not sleep for cardinal hours. However, the earliest sleep time for me is at 12.14am and the latest sleep time is at 1.39am (Refer to Appendix B). Other than that, my earliest wake up time in the baseline phase was at 7.15am, and the latest wake up time was at 11.06am. Even though the total average sleep for me was 9.1 hours, but I do not have a rosy-cheeked life style (Refer to Appendix A). Therefore, I would like to change it and make me be healthier. The intervention phase started from 12th February 2015 to 19th March 2015. In this treatment p hase, I had found that the earliest sleeping time for me was at 11.15pm, but the latest sleep time was at 2.57am (Refer to Appendix D). This has showed that the behaviour that I would like to change had failed. Furthermore, my average sleep time in this treatment phase is 8.8 hours per day (Refer to Appendix C). It showed I slept more than eight hours a day, but my sleeping time and wake up time are not the same every(prenominal) day. On the other hand, the researcher had stated that if a person want to have good sleeping habits, they should go to bed at the same time (Sleep Health Foundation, 2011). According to Appendix E, the longest time I slept was about 12 hours, and the shortest time I slept was about four hours. My consumption of sleep dramatically changes every day. Furthermore, the results had showed that I did not change my sleep behaviour throughout the time and it had showed that I had slept latest in the treatment phase than baseline phase.DiscussionsThis treatment pr ogramme did not work for me. This is because Lunar New Year was in my treatment phase, and I went to travel on that time. I could not sleep on time because I was not in the hotel on that time. Furthermore, this treatment programme failed because the treament period was the assignment weeks and I had to sacrifice my sleeping time to finish my assignment on time. In addition, I think shillyshally is the important effect that I have to sacrifice my sleeping time to do my assignment. On the other hand, I think the app was useful, however, it could not trigger off me to sleep earlier. Moreover, I think the weakness of this app was that I have to open the app myself while I want to record my sleep time and it is not convenient for me when I was feeling sleepy. It caused me lost my drowsiness when I started to set my sleeping time. This is because I have to think where my app is which caused me to regain consciousness. I think this app had contributed to me 60 percent out of 100 percent. This is because it does not provide any other functions such as tips which help for sleeping, or music which makes people slow downes. Furthermore, I always switch off my smartphone when I am sleeping. However, this app necessitate to on my phone all the time and it drain my phone barrage whole night.The difficulties that I had faced in this treatment phase were I did not have any motivation which helps me to sleep earlier. In addition, there were a lot of others factors which caused me to sleep late, such as rushing assignment, observe drama, or chit chatting. Procrastinating could affect my sleeping time. Furthermore, I think that because of cryptograph urge me to sleep earlier which makes me do not care on it. Besides, I had influenced by other people (e.g. family and housemates) that they all sleep very late and it makes me to sleep late also. According to Voke (2002), environment encourages exploration will encourage the childs natural motivation. The motivation will come from the encouragement of environment. Other than that, according to Saul (2014), he stated that procrastinating could affect ability to sleep, and also affect general health and well-being.I think the app could add some music in which could help people to relax when they are stress out and could not sleep due to the trying environment. In addition, I think the app may provide some functions which calculate the intake of caffeine, tobacco, and alcohol in a day. This is because the amount of taking caffeine, tobacco, and alcohol may also affect the quality of sleep. Other than that, I think this app should change their system which allows their user to switch off their phone while they are sleeping. It not only helps the users sleep better, it also helps the users to save the assault and battery of their phone. Besides, I think I should ask someone to urge me to done my work earlier and also go to sleep before 12am. I think it could be effective if someone urging me. Moreover, sta y with the people who sleep early could motivate me sleep earlier. In addition, I may also require my family to sleep earlier which help to motivate me.