Who is to blame for the Deepwater Horizon rig incident?

Who is to blame for the Deepwater sky song manipulate incident?On the 20th of April 2011 effusion at Deepwater view rig in the disjuncture of Mexico killed 11 workers and led to the largest anele s result in the petroleum industrys history. allotment of blame is apparent to be contested in the law courts for long succession to come. Who i.e. which stakeholders do you consider has to share some responsibility for the hap or do you consider it an ultimately unpreventable accident, in todays globular providence?Trying to re pay back out of the PR wars on the anele spill, 4 month after the tragedy on September 8th, 2010, BP issued its own essential 234-page report. BP cited at least eight errors of judgment and equipment failures that caused the explosion that sank the rig. BP stopd that a complex and interlinked series of mechanical failures, human judgments, engineering design, operational writ of exe incinerateion and team interfaces contri excepted to the inciden t.The play along accepted simply shared responsibility for the explosion and pointed fingers at its contractors Halliburton, which provided cement for the blown-up Macondo well, and Transocean, the owner of the Deepwater Horizon. Transocean assailed the BP report as self-serving, contending that bps fatally flawed well design set the stage for the rig explosion 50 miles off the Louisiana coast. Halliburton, which did the well cementing, tell it constitute a number of substantial omissions and inaccuracies in the report and corpse overconfident that all the work it performed was completed in accordance with bps specifications. bps internal investigation report was met with criticism by watchdog hosts who questivirtuosod the companionships motives. Wenonah Hauter, decision maker director of non-for-profit organization Food Water Watch told IPS advanceds potency BP is distri exclusivelying the blame and deflecting responsibility for the incident so they bottom justify th eir act operation in the disconnectedness.Rather than accept the blame and pecuniary consequences for its disaster, BP is inveterate to point fingers at everyone it can, say Kieran Suckling, exe vacillationive director of the conservation group Center for Biological Diversity. BP is understandably trying to limit its financial obligation by blaming other companies and denying at that place was criminal negligence, Suckling said. If the De burstment of jurist concludes that BP was criminally negligent, its fines under the Clean Water Act forget manifold from 1,300 dollars per barrel to 4,300 dollars. That is to a greater extent than a 10- one million million million-dollar difference.One month after the accident on May 21 prexy Barack Obama established the National counseling on the BP Deepwater Horizon vegetable fogey petroleum Spill and Offshore Drilling. The Commission examined the germane(predicate) situations and circumstances concerning the root causes of the Deepwater Horizon explosion and developed options to guard against, and subside the pretend of, any cover spills associated with offshore drilling in the rising. This include urge oning improvements to federal laws, regulations, and industry practices. A final report on the Commissions findings was presented to the President on January 12, 2011.According to the report, the Macondo blowout was the product of several item-by-item missteps and oversights by BP, Halliburton, and Transocean, which government regulators lacked the authority, the necessary resources, and the technical expertise to prevent.Halliburton and bps focal point processes did non command that cement was adequately tested. Halliburton had insufficient check overs in place to ensure that laboratory testing was performed in a cliply fashion or that test results were vetted rigorously in-house or with the client. In fact, it appears that Halliburton did non even wear testing results in its possession wak e the Macondo slurry was stable until after the art had been pumped. It is difficult to imagine a deporter failure of treatment or communication.BP, Transocean, and Halliburton failed to state adequately. Information appears to slang been excessively compartmentalized at Macondo as a result of poor communication. BP did not share primal information with its contractors, or sometimes internally even with members of its own team. Contractors did not share primary(prenominal) information with BP or each other. As a result, individuals a great deal put up themselves making critical decisions without a abundant appreciation for the context in which they were being made (or even without recognition that the decisions were critical).Decision making processes at Macondo did not adequately ensure that personnel fully considered the finds created by time- and money-saving decisions. Whether purpose-built or not, legion(predicate) of the decisions that BP, Halliburton, and Transo cean made that increased the take chances of the Macondo blowout extendly saved those companies evidentiary time (and money). T present is nothing inherently hurt with choosing a less- costly or less-time-con unificationing substitute-as long as it is prove to be every bit safe. The problem is that, at least in regard to BPs Macondo team, there appears to have been no formal system for ensuring that alternative procedures were in fact equally safe.The report summarized that the accident of April 20 was avoidable. It resulted from clear mistakes made in the prototypical instance by BP, Halliburton, and Transocean, and by government officials who, relying too a lot(prenominal) on industrys assertions of the sanctuary of their operations, failed to create and apply a program of regulatory oversight that would have properly downplayd the risks of deepwater drilling. It is now clear that some(prenominal) industry and government need to reassess and change business practices to minimize the risks of such drilling.BPs claim about disaster in the disjunction of Mexico to be the unavoidable accident was actually driven by a reckless pursuit of profits and selfish disregard for our planet.QUESTION 2 If you were Tony Hayward, how would you have acted in the immediate aftermath of the accident?It is easier to say what I would have done being a chief executive officer of BP after analyzing what Tony Hayward did impairment during the incident in the disjuncture.BPs handling of the Deepwater Horizon crisis under its agent CEO Tony Hayward may be seen as a textbook expression of how not to manage an enterprise in a period of reputational crisis. On June 17 Tony Haywood sto in the buffalled the House brawn and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and probe by refusing to provide information he knows as chief direct officer. He was recorded telling a camera man to get out of there during a photo-op on the shores of Louisiana.Haywards summer of PR disasters cu lminated in his popular declaration that Id desire my deportment back, and he went to participate in the JP Morgan Asset Management Round the Island yacht race off the islet of Wight in the UK, season Gulf residents struggled with the effects of the spill. He was widely criticized for his comment which was perceived as selfish and he later apologized for it on BP Americas Facebook page.President Obamas chief of staff Rahm Emanuel wryly observed on American interlocking news that I ring we can all conclude Tony Hayward is not going to have a second career in PR consulting. In an interview on NBC on 8 June, 2010, Barack Obama said that Hayward wouldnt be working for me after any of those statements, referring to the remarks BP CEO made following the spill.In a lecture at Stanford vexation School in May 2009 Hayward declared to the business students that our primary purpose in life is to create swan for our shareholders. Later his statements that focused and on the individua l corporate remit have besides been quoted outside the context of the full lecture. Haywards point of view is in line with Milton Friedman who wrote in his famous mid-seventies article in The New York time Magazine, that the one and only neighborly responsibility of business, is to increase profits for shareholders.General idea of Friedman was that only batch can have responsibilities, still not businesses. The multitude who are engage by business owners have a responsibility primarily to their employers, to experience their desires which in some cases are profits. General public view the troupe as a whole representative and if CEOs mistake leads to an error is neighborly judgment, the public will judge the whole company, not just this person.It has been proven time and whilst CSR has yet to be harnessed to create a significant positive difference to profits, a negative policy can crush profits. The costs BP saved by taking risky decisions at Deepwater Horizon have final ly gone to legion(predicate) other stakeholders residents of the Gulf, government, business owners. BP cut corner after corner to save a jillion dollars here and a a couple of(prenominal) hours there, said Henry Waxman, whose committee was investigating the Deepwater Horizon accident in the US. And now the whole Gulf Coast is paid the price.Some theorists believe that CSR stops businesses performing to their full potential and weaken the economy. My opinion is that an effective CSR policy together with efficient marketing and clear business strategy could help a business grow to large profits whilst also benefitting society.Ironically enough, Tony Hayward was one of the key proponents of CSR in 2005, endowment a speech about corporate responsibility and its increasing greatness at BP. This was when Lord Browne was CEO and CSR was gaining more(prenominal) attention. But since mid-2007 many factors have weakened under Tony Haywards leadership, including contractor fatalitie s and greenhouse flatulence emissions. environmental and safety fines spiked upward in 2009 and hydrocarbon flaring has nearly dual since 2007.Summarizing the answer, if I was a CEO of BP I would spend all my time in the US to see whats happening on a unceasing basis and actively communicate with US administration for coordination of clean-up efforts. I would not lie about the size of catastrophe from the beginning and will not try to bribe ecologists in attempts to hide the actual result of the oil spill. The leader is always needed at the time of crisis which Tony Hayward has failed to be.QUESTION 3 If you were a member of the BP senesce what would you be recommending at this point that BP should do about the disaster unfolding in the Gulf of Mexico?BP preoccupied $95 billion in market capitalization within a few weeks of the Deepwater Horizon explosion, with its stock priced back to 14 years. There was a clear disproportion amidst the companys market losses and even the mos t pessimistic estimates of killing costs that neer exceeded $30 billion this was an indication of the costs of this reputational risk crisis to BP. While firms today recognize the value of brand definition as a competitive advantage in the marketplace, reputation remains an often underestimated component of a companys value.Corporations experiencing a public crisis, such BP in 2010 afford what is termed reputational distress. This concept was fit coined by Stephen Greyser, Professor Emeritus at the Harvard Business School, and describes the critical period following a crisis event when a companys counsel is at risk of losing the confidence of the markets. Reputational distress can result in significant violation upon a firms market capitalization, as well as its corporate reputation, in correlation to how the crisis response of the firms vigilance is represented in the markets and the mass media.Brand Finance Plc, the gentlemans leading brand valuation consultancy, estima ted that the side effect from the explosion at the Deepwater Horizon rig has caused BPs brand value to plummet by $7.4bn, representing a 61% fall (or 72m per day). Having spent many millions on promoting its Beyond Petroleum strapline and positioning itself as the most environmentally friendly of the oil companies, this disaster has had a highly detrimental impact on its brand value globally, especially in the US.In line of descent to BP, the actions of Johnson Johnson in the case of the acetaminophen tampering scandal represent a best practices example of how a firm can successfully manage reputational risk. Employing a crisis strategy defined by aggressive transparency, Johnson Johnson retained public and market confidence, resulting in the value of its shares quickly rebounding from immediate losses and the Tylenol brand actually becoming the industry leader shortly thereafter. Reputational risk steering can therefore represent not only a challenge, but an opportunity.Traditi onally in CSR the Bottom Line refers to the financial and scotch responsibility of the company that is making profits. Recently introduced by John Elkington (1994) trey Bottom Line model gives a wider view of responsibilities of organizations which obviously encompasses financial aspects and also environmental and social impacts of the company. The utilization of the triple bottom line allows companies to evaluate their success not only in their economic work but also in the environmental and social ones.BP currently remains a member of United Nations Global Compact. This is a high-profile CSR scheme, which requires firms to adhere to 10 principles which require to take a precautionary approach to environmental challenges, arouse environmental responsibility, and encourage the development of clean technology. The oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico appears to provide evidence that BP has not adhered to the principles and could undermine its credibility as a signatory to the Compact. According to Mary Ann Ferguson, professor of PR at the University of Florida, when a company has a frank reputation, people will prize its high-fit CSR program. But if BP tries to use high-fit CSR to further its public image, it may do itself more harm than good. Before you develop any high-fit CSR program, evaluate your companys reputation inaugural so you dont just wreak further harm. Once the company unwrap is tarnished, high-fit CSR tends to produce only skepticism. In other words, it backfires.If I was a member of the BP board at the time of the scheduled board endureing in London in May 2010, first of all I would recommend that the board contacting should be convened in Louisiana, preferably carrying part of it on one of the support vessels, engaged in the oil spillage re ancestor operation, so that all board members can see for themselves, what has happened and received first hand information from the emergency operations crew. The second part of the board meeting shou ld have been carried on the shore in Louisiana, and representatives from the key stakeholders in US such as regulators, environment protection agencies, NGOs, fishing community, should have been invited to this meeting. This little step, which wouldnt cost much would have helped to change the public light of the companys approach to the problem.Secondly, Tony Hayward should have been removed by the board at this meeting, and a new interim CEO with specific drilling and disaster counseling experience should have been appointed at this time, showing BPs allegiance to liquidate the disaster, thus bringing someone with hands-on approach or else of discredited CEO. At this time I would also suggest that the company start providing accurate estimates of the amount of oil spilling from the well, instead of trying to sell the media and professionals. BPs move with lowering estimates of the oil spillage has done more stultification than good. The inconvenient truth is less harmful that the sweet lies.The following(a) step would be stop putting blame on subcontractors Halliburton and Transocean and start working together trying to find fast and solid solution of the problem. BP looked really silly with its biased internal report which has put most responsibility for the disaster to its contractors. Wasnt it BP the owner of the rights to the well, who selected those contractors in the first place? I am sure that BP has done their due diligence in front hiring these companies.Last, but not least is to start paying solid attention and investing significant funds into disaster liquidation in the communities along the Gulf. BP has to drop back attention of primarily US as well as world media to the efforts which company is undertaking in the sea and on the ground along the affected coast. Capping the well is no doubt a high priority, but dealing with the local stakeholders and environmental rail at is no less important task, which provided to the company as bein g one of the most difficult ones. Stakeholder management is equally important, and saving the environment and providing other opportunities to the people which have lost their income source is critical. If I was a member of the board of BP at that time, I would put as much efforts and funding into this exercise as I would into capping of the well, if not more. Such proactive approach would help BP in the future(a) when dealing with individual or class lawsuits, coming their way, as US is one of the most litigious countries in the world.QUESTION 4 why do you think BP attracted such opprobrium?Hayward, and BP in general, initially downplayed the spill, stating on 17 May 2010 that the environmental impact of the Gulf spill would likely be very very modest and work the spill relatively tiny in comparison with the size of the ocean. On 27 May, Haywood changed his assessment, calling the spill an environmental catastrophe in an interview with CNN. Hayward earned the soubriquet Tone-De af Tony for his far from the truth assertions.Then after the explosion, BP denied there was a effluence until it became painfully obvious. When they could no longer hide that fact, they low-balled the estimate of the leak at 5,000 barrels a day, which is probably low by a factor of 20.When Hayward met with members of the U.S. Senate shortly after the accident, he asserted that BP intended to meet its obligations up to its $75 million liability cap under the U.S. Oil Pollution Act. Haywards assertion that BP was protected by limited liability under U.S. law, coming at a time when thousands of fishermen and tourism workers in Gulf states were being laid off due to the oil spill, so elicit the senators with whom he met that within days legislation was introduced in the U.S. Senate to raise the damage cap facing BP from $75 million to $10 billion.BP sprayed more than 1 million gallons of chemical dispersants Corexit 9500 and 9527 into the Gulf since the oil spill began in a reckless e ffort to make the oil disappear from public view. BP jeopardise clean-up workers theyd be fired if they spoke to the media, also the company ordered workers showing up with respirators and other protective gear to remove it or be fired. Cleanup workers have been complaining of dizziness, nausea and other symptoms ever since then.Dispersants only alter the chemical and physical properties of the oil, making it more likely to fuse with seawater than deposit on the shoreline. So what the dispersants do is re-direct the oil, making its impact perhaps less so on birds and shore-dwelling animals, but more so on fish, coral reefs, oysters and other marine life that live in the deeper amniotic fluid. Also, when the dispersants mix with the crude oil, a third far more cyanogenic product is produced called dispersed oil which has been shown to be more toxic than the sum of its parts. Toxicologists can only guess what the full extent of the damage will be, and its likely it wont show up in full for years or decades.Before BP could stop the oil leaking at the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico, it unleashed $100 million in ad spending, largely on ne twork TV, to stem the damage to its image. But it also started spending heavily where it had never spent much before buying ads in Googles search results. well $3.6 million in the month of June alone were spent by BP, which pushed the company into the upper echelon of search advertisers, in a league with ATT, Expedia, Amazon and eBay. When people searched for oil spill theyll be directed to BPs damage control page that shows the companys Gulf of Mexico Response and cleanup efforts, instead of the massive amounts of damage that was still ongoing.In the CNN interviews, Deepwater Horizon workers described a corporate farming of cutting staff and ignoring warning signs frontwards of the blast. They claimed BP routinely cut corners and pushed ahead despite concerns about safety. The rig survivors also said it was always dumb that you could get fired if you raised safety concerns that might delay drilling. CNN interviews also revealed that BP had ordered a shortcut on the day of the explosion intentional to speed drilling, as the rig was five weeks behind schedule and one day of its operation had an estimated cost of $750,000.All these facts are not affect as BP is no stranger to environmental crime. Over the past two decades, BP subsidiaries have been convicted of three crimes in Alaska and Texas, including two felonies. Also BP holds the dubious accolade of receiving the stiffest fine in history for work safety violations 760 fines as of June 2010, objet dart Exxon Mobil has had just one. In 1991 BP was cited as the most polluting company in the US based on EPA toxic release data. The company has been charged with impetuous polluted gases at its Ohio refinery (for which it was fined $1.7 million), and in July 2000 BP paid a $10 million fine to the EPA for its management of US refineries.During the la st couple of years before the Gulf accident BP became more profitable Tony Hayward received a 40 percent pay increase in 2009 based on BPs improved performance. The company announced earnings of $5.6 billion for the first buns of 2010, more than double the same quarter in 2009. But BP failed to let the one problem that continues to get it into trouble a reactionary management culture that puts an emphasis on cutting costs and efficiency while neglecting preventative maintenance. BP has been chronically unable or unwilling to learn from its mistakes check to analysts, competitors and former employees.QUESTION 5 Looking ahead 3-4 years, how do you think the disaster will affect BP? Will it (a) have no significant, long impact on the business? (b)Result in BP becoming a much smaller company? (c)) Result in BP being bought by the Chinese, Qataris etc ormerged with some other international oil company? (d) Be the catalyst for BP to move irrevocably beyond petroleum and becoming a ne w form of global energy business, based eventually in renewable energy?The BP oil spill has set a new precedent for both environmental damage and corporate irresponsibility. According to BP official there was a good reason why the Macondo well was being drilled in the first place. Its because the world badly needs the oil and gas that reside to a lower place the seabed of the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic and other oceans in order to meet inexorably growing energy demand. BP pushed technology to the limit in the remotest reaches of Alaska and the deepest waters of the Gulf of Mexico the tough stuff that others cannot or choose not to do, as Tony Hayward once put it.Last year there was a serious debate as to whether the Deepwater Horizon incident will lead to failure for BP. Project failures such as the Deepwater Horizon can have marvelous consequences on the value of BP shareholders, including many pensioners in the UK and current and past employees and may even jeopardize surviva l of the enterprise.BP have been paying not only for all environmental and economic damages from the blowout, but will also be facing years of claims, negotiations and litigation. The company is still facing juristic suits from Edinburgh and Merseyside pension funds for the loss of value that emanated from an Alaskan pipeline spill in 2006. Gulf of Mexico claims will last much longer. According to Bloomberg, BP took charges totaling US$40 billion in the second and third quarters of 2010 to flyer for the cost of the Gulf spill.The company announced in July 2010 it would sell between $25 billion and $30 billion of assets, and has sold sectors in Argentina, Colombia, Pakistan, the U.S. and Vietnam. BP interests in Algeria, Alaskas Prudhoe Bay and Canadian pipelines may be next up on the block. According to offshoreenergytoday.com, since taking charge in October, new CEO Bob Dudley has taken asset sales to $22 billion to pay costs from the worst US oil spill, reorganized management a nd cut the deal with Rosneft to give the company access to Russias untapped Arctic reserves. The share price has recovered about 60 percent from Junes post-spill low, in part on expectations that the dividend will return at 50 percent of the introductory level. Recently BP has reinstated the dividend that was suspended after the spill as higher oil prices and improved refining margins lifted its earnings.It is unlikely that BP will be acquired by other major oil companies ExxonMobil or Royal Dutch Shell. BP executives held dialogue with a number of sovereign wealth funds including funds from Abu Dhabi, Kuwait, Qatar and Singapore, for fundament of a strategic partnership to avoid takeover. Now BP continues to be Europes second-biggest oil company and the biggest producer of oil and gas in the US. Financial Times said that before the accident, the US had been the principal focus of the groups strategy, with deepwater oil business in the Gulf of Mexico at its heart. It was a sourc e of oil and gas reserves in a region with an apparently stable levelheaded and tax framework, and was a place to develop techniques that could then be deployed roughly the world.The BP oil spill has brought attention to the issue of greenwashing. This term was coined by New York environmentalist Jay Westerveld (1986) and means deceptive use of green PR or green marketing in order to promote a misleading perception that a companys policies or products are environmentally friendly. BP entered the greenwashing playing field spending 200 million dollars on rebranding the company in 2000. BP TV ads were focused on themes of biofuels, alternative energy and carbon footprints, closing with a green, flower-like logo and the slogan Beyond petroleum.According to Kate Sheppard, a writer at Foreign Policy (3 May 2010), despite all BP has spent on rebranding, the company hasnt done nearly as much to move beyond petroleum as its campaign implies. In fact, BP has been turning away from investm ents in nonfossil energy, last year cutting investment in alternative sources from $1.4 billion to $1 billion. Weeks before the spill, BP announced that it was shuttering its solar manufacturing plant in Maryland, it close the doors of its much-hyped UK Alternative Energy headquarters in 2009. The company brought in $73 billion in revenue in the first quarter of 2010, but only about $700 million of its business was alternative energy sources like wind and solar. The company has also spent a lot of time and money convincing political leaders that offshore drilling is clean, safe, and environmentally friendly while at the same time actually fighting against safety measures that might have prevented the horror in the Gulf.Green Energy Reporter said that BP plans to invest $1 billion in 2011 in its renewable energy business, roughly the same amount it invested last year. In 2008 BP was awarded a satirical prize, the Emerald Paintbrush award, by Greenpeace UK. The award was given to B P in order to highlight its alleged greenwashing campaign. Critics point out that while BP advertises its activities in alternative energy sources, the majority of its capital investments (more than 90%) continue to go into fossil fuels linked with major environmental challenges on a global scale.BP will definitely not make steps to becoming a new form of global energy business based on renewable energy until it can get the same tremendous profits from oil and gas. After the incident Bob Dudley has identified improving BPs safety practice and performance as one of his highest priorities. As it mentioned in BPs internal investigation report, it was possible for BP to drill deepwater wells safely. It is vital for the companys future that it can live up to that aspiration.In his latest speech on March 08th 2011 at CERA Week Conference in Houston Bob Dudley said BP is sorry. BP gets it. BP is changing. Were strengthening safety, growing value and working to earn trust.The lesson for lar ge companies is that whilst cost and time savings are certainly key initiatives, senior management and the Board need to ensure that they do not happen at the risk of brand and stakeholder relationships. Only by remembering this disaster and displace for the truth to be brought to the surface the truth about what BP was hiding we can prevent a similar event from occurring in the future.