Integrated Treatment for Substance Use and Depression

Integrated discussion for Substance Use and firstMental Health Simone Case ScenarioDual diagnosis, co morbidity and co-occurring disorders are terms often use interchangeably to describe cordial ill wellness and substance abuse (drugs and/or inebriantic drink) in sundry(a) combinations. These disorders may occur at the same magazine or one may follow the other. thus far though the diseases of amiable illness and drug abuse are comorbid, causality is not implied and each graphemeicularise may precede the other (Fortinash and Holoday Worret, 2012). The symptoms of one condition may mask or conceal the symptoms of the other, with either condition assuming priority at any given time. inebriant is the most widely employ drug. The case Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) estimated in 2011 over 24% of the great unwashed in England cut down alcoholic drink levels that are potentially or actually detrimental to health. The co morbidity of depression and alcohol depende nce are two of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders modify the general population. Evidence suggests that alcohol use disorders are linked to depressive symptoms and that alcohol dependence and depressive disorders co-occur to a larger degree than expect by chance. However, it is not clear whether the depression causes alcohol problems, whether the alcohol outgo or alcohol problems caused depression, or whether both could be attributed to a third cause (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2015).This assignment will consider the case scenario of Simone part time social worker, aged 43 with depression and alcohol abuse. Simone lives with her three children and the interjection of choice is cognitive behavioral Therapy (CBT). This section will define CBT and its uses and adopt the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) toolkit (2013) to critically evaluate and discuss two CBT explore articles in treating depression and alcohol abuse to evidence why this is an enamor interven tion for Simone.CBT is defined as a talking therapy that can help individuals manage their problems by changing the way they think and behave (Frances and Robson, 1997). Commonly used to treat a range of mental health issues including depression, anxiety disorders, phobias, but also deemed valuable in treating alcohol misuse, especially as part of an boilers suit program of recovery. The goal of cognitive behavioural therapy is to teach the person to become aware of incidences and situations which trigger the take to drink, to learn to avoid putting themselves in these situations and to develop coping strategies to deal with other problems and behaviours which may sink to drinkable. Until recently the effectiveness of CBT for comorbid alcohol had not been studied, however, the first of two research articles will now be critically evaluated and discussed below.Developing an Integrated sermon for Substance Use and Depression Using cognitive behavioural Therapy (Osilla et al, 20 09) is an American qualitative research article. The research goal was to design and develop a treatment programme for chuck up the spongey by substance abuse counsellors in outpatient mental health backings. This was thought to be significant because earlier research had indicated the effectiveness of CBT in depression and alcoholism individually. The research developed a assemblage based integrated 18 session treatment plan involving 3 modules (thoughts, activities and people interactions) linking mood and alcohol use and tryd strategies for identifying and modifying harmful thoughts and activities. Drawing on previous studies (Hepner, Watkins, Woo and Wiseman, 2006) they involved a treatment festering team including researchers, clinicians, stakeholders and CBT respectables. Recruited participants (N=7 4 male, 3 female) were already enrolled in outpatient substance misuse treatment who had met the criteria for whacky depression using the 9 item Patient Health Questionnai re with scores of 5 or (no characteristic given whether other people had chosen not to take part as this sample is small). lymph gland focus multitudes were conducted following the group treatment sessions led by two clinical psychologists who had observed the group sessions from behind a one way mirror, thus the methodology used is entirely appropriate for addressing the research goal. The article states that the clients provided communicate consent but there is no information regarding how the research was explained to participants, whether ethical eulogy was sought or whether ethical standards were maintained. The data analyses consisted of the researchers reviewing notes and transcripts severally from the client focus groups to select, group and label big issues that point to the acceptability of integrated CBT. Notable points with similar concepts were categorised if different participants had said the same things on a number of occasions over a given time frame e.g. com ments which stated that alcohol and mood influenced each other. Underlying themes were generated from the data and quotes were analysed and identified that fitted each of the relevant themes. Each researcher independently sorted quotes by theme and together they reached a consensus on any discrepancies.Findings indicated that treatment was widely genuine by clients and counsellors. Clients stated that applying CBT skills help to treat both their depression and alcohol misuse whilst positively restoreing other areas in their lives. Clients felt the treatment had built their confidence and the group process was helpful in learning from each other. The article produced no evidence of triangulation but stated that there were limitations to the study that affect the generalization of the results. The study evaluated a single case implementation, so future studies would be necessary to poke into client views in several clinics over time with different treatment sessions in order to sa y whether integrated treatment is truly acceptable and feasible given funding constraints. Clearly, integrated CBT for depression and alcohol misuse evaluated as being useful and respectable but the research concluded that there is a need to develop more web based procreation or other innovative slipway that effectively train substance abuse counsellors to a reasonable standard with minimal costs to provide a unified CBT approach to manage comorbid depression and alcohol misuse.A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive Behavioural discourse for Depression versus Relaxation Training for Alcohol Dependent Individuals with Elevated Depressive Symptoms (Brown et al, 2011). The goal of this Rhode Island political campaign was to evaluate the efficacy of adding CBT versus relaxing training to partial hospital treatment for individuals misusing alcohol with elevated levels of depressive symptoms. This was deemed weighty because it was expected that the addition of CBT would result in decrease levels of depressive symptoms and in decreased quantity and regularity of alcohol use.166 men and women were recruited (aged 16 65 years) from an alcohol and drug treatment unit provided they met the Diagnostic and statistical manual of Disorders, Fourth Edition (2000) criteria for alcohol dependence and had a Beck Depression Inventory of 15 or more. Participants were informed about the study, consent was obtained and they were randomly assigned to receive 8 individual sessions of CBT (n = 81) or relaxation training (n = 84). The article didnt mention whether the personnel were blinded. Treatment conditions did not differ on demographics, individual alcohol consumption or depression related variables. Results indicated significant improvement in depressive and alcohol use over time for all participants. Compared with the relaxation training, the CBT group had significantly reduced levels of depressive symptoms at the 6 week follow up as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory. This effect was found to be inconsistent because there was no difference in the Modified Hamilton Rating Scale (MHRD) for Depression between conditions at that point in time or at any subsequent follow up. There was no significant in alcohol use between groups. The researchers were clearly disappointed that this study did not replicate the results of an earlier operate study in 2007. However, plausible reasons given included the average length of hospital stay had reduced from 21.2 days to 3.9 resulting in treatment sessions being conducted in an outpatient setting making it difficult to compare results. The setting for this study was a private hospital with educated Caucasian patients and caution should be used in generalizing findings to populations with different characteristics. Interview data and treatment adherence had not been subject to reliability ratings. The need for the running play was clearly documented and further studies evaluating the efficacy of CBT in individuals with alcohol misuse and elevated depressive symptoms is required. Overall, the benefits outweighed the harm.Depressed people with alcohol misuse like Simone have complex needs which pervade every aspect of casual life including psychiatric, psychological, education, employment and social care. Supporting someone with depression and alcohol misuse is one of the biggest challenges face mental health operate (DH, 2006).Traditionally, substance misuse and mental health services developed separately but a national drug and alcohol dependence strategy was published in celestial latitude 2010 (HMG, 2010), and a mental health strategy a few months later (HMG, 2011). Both strategies acknowledge the draw between mental health problems and drug and alcohol problems. Successful outcomes for both problems need early intervention and effective joint working between drug and alcohol treatment and mental health services in integrated, recovery-oriented local systems. Furthermore, a NICE guideline (2011) includes principles of care, identification and judicial decision in all assessment areas and principles for interventions, underpinned by best available evidence (due for review in 2015).Regarding impact on future practice, co morbidity requires nurses to adapt multiple roles in order to achieve a comprehensive level of care. A primary diagnosis isnt necessary as both depression and alcohol misuse can be treated simultaneously. A non judgemental, person centred approach recognising that treatment will be long term is required. unplayful communication skills with multiple professionals and services are essential. Clinical skills include specialist alcohol misuse assessments, mental health and risk assessments, the provision of specialist advice on reduction and harm minimisation, appropriate interventions, treatment advice to other care professionals and the ability to work in a multidisciplinary team. In practice, it is not possible for nurses to be an exp ert in all of the skills required, however they should have a working knowledge of some. Training is required to deliver comprehensive alcohol programmes through developing skills particularly in cognitive behavioural therapy which seems to produce beneficial effects on both depression and alcohol outcomes.BibliographyBrown, A.B., Ramsey, S.E., Kahler, C.W., Palm, K.M., Monti, P.M., Abrams, D., Dubreuli,.M., Gordon,.A. and Miller.I.W. (2011) A Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive Behavioural Treatment for Depression versus Relaxation Training for Alcohol Dependent Individuals with Elevated Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 72(2) 286-296Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (2013) Qualitative Research Check List. Oxford UK.Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (2013) disarrange Control Trial Check List. Oxford UK.Department of Health (2006) The Dual Diagnosis Good Practice.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders (2000), 4th Edition, Text Revision ( DSM-IV-TR). American Psychiatric Association.Washington DC.Fortinash, K.M and Holoday Worret,P.A (2012) Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, fifth edition. Australia, Mosby.Frances, R. and Robson, M (1997) Cognitive Behavioural Therapy in Primary Care. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. London.Hepner, K.A, Watkins, K.E., Woo, S. and Wiseman, S. (2006) Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Depression in Substance Abusers Substance Abuse and your Mood. Treatment Manual for non traditional providers.HM Government (2010). Drug schema 2010 Reducing Demand, Restricting Supply, Building Recovery Supporting People to live a Drug bump life.HM Government (2011). No Health without Mental Health A Cross-Government Mental Health Outcomes outline for People of all Ages.National Institute of Clinical Excellence (2011) Alcohol-use disorders diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence. London National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.Osilla, K.C., Hepner , K.A, Munoz, R.F, Woos. S and Watkins, K. (2009) Developing and Integrated Treatment for Substance Use and Depressing Using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 37(4)412-420Royal College of Psychiatrists (2015) Improving the Lives of People with Mental Illness (online) available fromhttp//www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/problemsdisorders/alcoholdepression.aspx(Accessed 13th April 2015)Lynskey,M.T.(1998 ) The comorbidity of alcohol dependence and emotional disorders treatment implications. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 52201- 209Miller, I.W.,Bishop,S.,Norman,W.H. and Maddever,H.(1995) The Modified Hamilton Rating Scale for Depressionreliability and validity. Psychiatry Research 14 131-142Mitcheson, L., Maslin, J., Meynen, T., Morrison, T., Hill, R. and Wanigaratne, S. (2010). Applied Cognitive and Behavioural Approaches to the Treatment of Addiction A interoperable Treatment Guide. Chichester Wiley-Blackwell.NHS Information Centre for Health and friend ly Care (2011), Statistics on Alcohol England 2011. The Health and Social Care Information Centre.NICE (2007). NICE clinical guideline 51. Drug Misuse Psychosocial Interventions. London National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.Raistrick, D.,Heather, N and Godfrey. ,C (2006) Review of the effectiveness of treatment for alcohol problems. The National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse.Weaver, T., Madden, P., Charles, V., Stimson, G., Renton, A., Tyrer, P., Barnes, T., Bench, C., Middleton, H., Wright, N., Paterson, S., Shanahan, W., Seivewright, N and Ford, C. (2003). Comorbidity of substance misuse and mental illness in community mental health and substance misuse services. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 304-313.

Cultural Traits Of The Ancient Greeks English Literature Essay

Cultural Traits Of The Ancient Greeks English Literature endeavorCultural traits can be identified as attributes of a specific civilization in congenator to their geography and time period that the civilization existed. The superannuated Greek civilization is one(a) and only(a) of several that we require studied whos cultural traits can be identified as Greek and both(prenominal) that were partly adopted. macrocosmy a(prenominal) of these cultural traits ar evident in works of art that survived the collapse of the Greek civilization. Like many a(prenominal) another(prenominal)(a) antediluvian civilizations, their cultural traits can be identified through literary works. Cultural traits from the ancient Greeks can be found today in our current society. In the next three paragraphs I will discuss some of the ancient Greek cultural traits, how they are displayed in their literature and how some of these are still evident in present day society.The ancient Greek civilizati on, in my opinion, is one of the most interesting civilizations in history. It was during this time period that we take notice of new and important ways of thinking displayed by an ancient culture, in this case, the Greeks. The ancient Greeks were the first civilization to start stressing the importance of experience and having a natural understanding of the world around them. This particular trait is due mostly in part to the Sophists, more commonly known as the professors of the ancient world. The Sophists greatly encouraged being profound and asking questions in search of the truth. They believed the truth was relative to each individual situation and that there are no single truths. This trait is an important change that was beneficial for all societies preceding the Greeks even though it created trouble for them during this time period. As the common folk began to ask questions and improve their intelligence, the political organizations and the Greek political science had th eir hands full trying to keep the masses at bay. This trait would eventually contribute to the flow of the ancient Greek empire. The Greeks were a genuinely anthropocentric culture believing man was the center of everything. They lay out this through their religion, which was partly adopted by the earlier Mycenaeans, and the gods they believed in. Even though they worshipped the gods, to them they were only referees and man was essentially the master of his own destiny. The society was dominated by the male gender by not lending any power and very little rights to the women. However, this is not unusual among ancient civilizations. The ancient Greeks similarly valued morals and tried to keep them at a high standard. This trait was also very important to the advancement of this and later societies by trying to maintain ones family and hold it to fillher using steady-going morals.Two literary works that demonstrate the ancient Greeks cultural traits are Sophocles Oedipus the King and Aristophanes Lysistrata. Sophocles defines this evident at the very beginning of Oedipus the King when Oedipus rebukes to the commoners who are kneeling at an altar praying. He asks them wherefore they dont come along and voice their concerns to him instead of the Gods. Oedipus believes he could do more than the Gods to benefactor them and the city of Thebes. This is exemplary of the ancient Greek anthropocentric visual modality. The importance of holding a family together is also demonstrated by Oedipus. When he receives the prophecy stating he would kill his father and marry his mother, he leaves the city of Corinth. It would be morally haywire for this prophecy to come true and that is why Oedipus disappears to Thebes. Going against keen-witted council from Jocasta, Oedipus goes in search for the truth and discovers that in doing so he had fulfilled his prophecy and had ashamed his family. This embarrassment leads to the suicide of Jocasta and the blindness of Oedipu s who at this compass point has completely self-destructed. In this story, Sophocles is formulateing, stay morally true to your family or lose everything you once loved. Accepting wise council from the ones closest to you displays much intelligence. Aristophanes displays these same traits in Lysistrata. In this story, Lysistrata demonstrates a keen intellect by contrive the plan that eventually brings peace to Greece. This takes great insight into what is actually causing the problem and coming up with a clever solution. Aristophanes also demonstrates how the Greeks were a very patriarchal society. He does this when the women in the story talk about their normal duties around the home and in society, which wasnt much more than household slaves. Lysistrata also light ups an framework of how good morals keep a family together. Aristophanes does so when the women talk about how they never see their husbands and it makes them sad. Lysistrata and the other Greek woman make it known to the men how important the family is by taking away what they be intimate the most, in this case its sex.These same traits are the foundation of todays society. Thats the only reason Im taking this class. It is important to get an education. It increases my ability to make good decisions in life and find a good lineage. This will in turn make my life easier and give me the ability to spend more time doing the things that I love. purpose a mate in this world can be tough. Intelligence just happens to be one of the two most sought after qualities by a woman. To me, this is just a few of the many examples of how intelligence plays a intent in everything that I do. Morals are also essential to get down in todays society. That point has been stressed to me since the very beginning of my life. Without morals it would be very hard to make friends or keep a good reputation among co-workers at just about any job one could think of. It seems that good morals be possessed of been on de cline in recent years. As the divorce rate increases it seems that the crime rate has increased at almost the same pace. Research has shown that 90% of divorces are caused by finances. This could all be alleviated by getting an education to help make ones income more stable. Society has in my opinion made leaps and bounds in the treatment of women.Womens rights have come a long way in the last 50 years by gaining higher fairish wages and the right to vote. Most dont realize that women, logistically, were the reason America played a major role in ending World War II. I dont think that todays society has the same anthropocentric view of the world that ancient Greeks did. However, I do believe that a certain amount of anthropocentrism is constituent(a) in human nature. Even with religion playing a major role in todays society, I still observe men and women walking around believing that they ultimately have the final say on what happens in their environment. This doesnt mean people be lieve they are the center of the universe. It just means that we help ourselves before we help our environment. This in turn may eventually lead to the demise of the human look sharp because we need our environment to surviveIn conclusion, I have identified several traits that were possessed by the ancient Greek culture and how these traits were evident in their literary works. It is important to understand how ancient civilizations worked so that we can learn from their mistakes. This will help people in todays society progress as a whole. If we hadnt learned from our past, we wouldnt have but a small portion of the technology and artistic culture that we have today. I think that people as a whole really want the best for other people. By understanding other cultures, ancient or present, we can better understand who we are and where we are headed.

Principles of Feng Shui

Principles of Feng ShuiFeng shui is an ancient Chinese philosophy virtually how humans and their environments interact and have relationships. It encompasses the principle that everything has energy and is connected to everything else. It is stemmed in the belief that based on laws of nature, principles, theories and techniques we evoke understand how to score an environment that allows us to be in harmony and balance. It also can guide us to enhance certain champaigns of our lives.The basic principle of feng shui is chi or energy. It is a feng shui principle that is procedured through all of life. It colligate the energy of all things together. There can be chi or energy of earth, the atmosphere and people. We can see the quality of chi verbalized through areas of color, form, shape, sound and the various cycles in nature. Feng shui principles work to ensure that the chi is allowed to keep flowing and not get stuck or depleted.In feng shui principles, in that location are two main types of feng shui that we need to consider. One of these is physical and contains the literal structures, surroundings, buildings, roads and design. The other involves directional exercises that although are invisible, still have an influence on our lives and how we relate to space and time. We need to take both feng shui principles into retainer when evaluating the chi qualities of an environment.According to feng shui, if an area in the environment is not being conducive to providing good chi, there are cures or fixes that we can intent to return the chi to a natural healthy state and play along to flow throughout the space. We can fix or correct the feng shui of an area by making small or big adjustments and applying feng shui techniques. These techniques incorporate the use of different elements to create balance and harmony.

Who is to blame for the Deepwater Horizon rig incident?

Who is to blame for the Deepwater sky song manipulate incident?On the 20th of April 2011 effusion at Deepwater view rig in the disjuncture of Mexico killed 11 workers and led to the largest anele s result in the petroleum industrys history. allotment of blame is apparent to be contested in the law courts for long succession to come. Who i.e. which stakeholders do you consider has to share some responsibility for the hap or do you consider it an ultimately unpreventable accident, in todays globular providence?Trying to re pay back out of the PR wars on the anele spill, 4 month after the tragedy on September 8th, 2010, BP issued its own essential 234-page report. BP cited at least eight errors of judgment and equipment failures that caused the explosion that sank the rig. BP stopd that a complex and interlinked series of mechanical failures, human judgments, engineering design, operational writ of exe incinerateion and team interfaces contri excepted to the inciden t.The play along accepted simply shared responsibility for the explosion and pointed fingers at its contractors Halliburton, which provided cement for the blown-up Macondo well, and Transocean, the owner of the Deepwater Horizon. Transocean assailed the BP report as self-serving, contending that bps fatally flawed well design set the stage for the rig explosion 50 miles off the Louisiana coast. Halliburton, which did the well cementing, tell it constitute a number of substantial omissions and inaccuracies in the report and corpse overconfident that all the work it performed was completed in accordance with bps specifications. bps internal investigation report was met with criticism by watchdog hosts who questivirtuosod the companionships motives. Wenonah Hauter, decision maker director of non-for-profit organization Food Water Watch told IPS advanceds potency BP is distri exclusivelying the blame and deflecting responsibility for the incident so they bottom justify th eir act operation in the disconnectedness.Rather than accept the blame and pecuniary consequences for its disaster, BP is inveterate to point fingers at everyone it can, say Kieran Suckling, exe vacillationive director of the conservation group Center for Biological Diversity. BP is understandably trying to limit its financial obligation by blaming other companies and denying at that place was criminal negligence, Suckling said. If the De burstment of jurist concludes that BP was criminally negligent, its fines under the Clean Water Act forget manifold from 1,300 dollars per barrel to 4,300 dollars. That is to a greater extent than a 10- one million million million-dollar difference.One month after the accident on May 21 prexy Barack Obama established the National counseling on the BP Deepwater Horizon vegetable fogey petroleum Spill and Offshore Drilling. The Commission examined the germane(predicate) situations and circumstances concerning the root causes of the Deepwater Horizon explosion and developed options to guard against, and subside the pretend of, any cover spills associated with offshore drilling in the rising. This include urge oning improvements to federal laws, regulations, and industry practices. A final report on the Commissions findings was presented to the President on January 12, 2011.According to the report, the Macondo blowout was the product of several item-by-item missteps and oversights by BP, Halliburton, and Transocean, which government regulators lacked the authority, the necessary resources, and the technical expertise to prevent.Halliburton and bps focal point processes did non command that cement was adequately tested. Halliburton had insufficient check overs in place to ensure that laboratory testing was performed in a cliply fashion or that test results were vetted rigorously in-house or with the client. In fact, it appears that Halliburton did non even wear testing results in its possession wak e the Macondo slurry was stable until after the art had been pumped. It is difficult to imagine a deporter failure of treatment or communication.BP, Transocean, and Halliburton failed to state adequately. Information appears to slang been excessively compartmentalized at Macondo as a result of poor communication. BP did not share primal information with its contractors, or sometimes internally even with members of its own team. Contractors did not share primary(prenominal) information with BP or each other. As a result, individuals a great deal put up themselves making critical decisions without a abundant appreciation for the context in which they were being made (or even without recognition that the decisions were critical).Decision making processes at Macondo did not adequately ensure that personnel fully considered the finds created by time- and money-saving decisions. Whether purpose-built or not, legion(predicate) of the decisions that BP, Halliburton, and Transo cean made that increased the take chances of the Macondo blowout extendly saved those companies evidentiary time (and money). T present is nothing inherently hurt with choosing a less- costly or less-time-con unificationing substitute-as long as it is prove to be every bit safe. The problem is that, at least in regard to BPs Macondo team, there appears to have been no formal system for ensuring that alternative procedures were in fact equally safe.The report summarized that the accident of April 20 was avoidable. It resulted from clear mistakes made in the prototypical instance by BP, Halliburton, and Transocean, and by government officials who, relying too a lot(prenominal) on industrys assertions of the sanctuary of their operations, failed to create and apply a program of regulatory oversight that would have properly downplayd the risks of deepwater drilling. It is now clear that some(prenominal) industry and government need to reassess and change business practices to minimize the risks of such drilling.BPs claim about disaster in the disjunction of Mexico to be the unavoidable accident was actually driven by a reckless pursuit of profits and selfish disregard for our planet.QUESTION 2 If you were Tony Hayward, how would you have acted in the immediate aftermath of the accident?It is easier to say what I would have done being a chief executive officer of BP after analyzing what Tony Hayward did impairment during the incident in the disjuncture.BPs handling of the Deepwater Horizon crisis under its agent CEO Tony Hayward may be seen as a textbook expression of how not to manage an enterprise in a period of reputational crisis. On June 17 Tony Haywood sto in the buffalled the House brawn and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and probe by refusing to provide information he knows as chief direct officer. He was recorded telling a camera man to get out of there during a photo-op on the shores of Louisiana.Haywards summer of PR disasters cu lminated in his popular declaration that Id desire my deportment back, and he went to participate in the JP Morgan Asset Management Round the Island yacht race off the islet of Wight in the UK, season Gulf residents struggled with the effects of the spill. He was widely criticized for his comment which was perceived as selfish and he later apologized for it on BP Americas Facebook page.President Obamas chief of staff Rahm Emanuel wryly observed on American interlocking news that I ring we can all conclude Tony Hayward is not going to have a second career in PR consulting. In an interview on NBC on 8 June, 2010, Barack Obama said that Hayward wouldnt be working for me after any of those statements, referring to the remarks BP CEO made following the spill.In a lecture at Stanford vexation School in May 2009 Hayward declared to the business students that our primary purpose in life is to create swan for our shareholders. Later his statements that focused and on the individua l corporate remit have besides been quoted outside the context of the full lecture. Haywards point of view is in line with Milton Friedman who wrote in his famous mid-seventies article in The New York time Magazine, that the one and only neighborly responsibility of business, is to increase profits for shareholders.General idea of Friedman was that only batch can have responsibilities, still not businesses. The multitude who are engage by business owners have a responsibility primarily to their employers, to experience their desires which in some cases are profits. General public view the troupe as a whole representative and if CEOs mistake leads to an error is neighborly judgment, the public will judge the whole company, not just this person.It has been proven time and whilst CSR has yet to be harnessed to create a significant positive difference to profits, a negative policy can crush profits. The costs BP saved by taking risky decisions at Deepwater Horizon have final ly gone to legion(predicate) other stakeholders residents of the Gulf, government, business owners. BP cut corner after corner to save a jillion dollars here and a a couple of(prenominal) hours there, said Henry Waxman, whose committee was investigating the Deepwater Horizon accident in the US. And now the whole Gulf Coast is paid the price.Some theorists believe that CSR stops businesses performing to their full potential and weaken the economy. My opinion is that an effective CSR policy together with efficient marketing and clear business strategy could help a business grow to large profits whilst also benefitting society.Ironically enough, Tony Hayward was one of the key proponents of CSR in 2005, endowment a speech about corporate responsibility and its increasing greatness at BP. This was when Lord Browne was CEO and CSR was gaining more(prenominal) attention. But since mid-2007 many factors have weakened under Tony Haywards leadership, including contractor fatalitie s and greenhouse flatulence emissions. environmental and safety fines spiked upward in 2009 and hydrocarbon flaring has nearly dual since 2007.Summarizing the answer, if I was a CEO of BP I would spend all my time in the US to see whats happening on a unceasing basis and actively communicate with US administration for coordination of clean-up efforts. I would not lie about the size of catastrophe from the beginning and will not try to bribe ecologists in attempts to hide the actual result of the oil spill. The leader is always needed at the time of crisis which Tony Hayward has failed to be.QUESTION 3 If you were a member of the BP senesce what would you be recommending at this point that BP should do about the disaster unfolding in the Gulf of Mexico?BP preoccupied $95 billion in market capitalization within a few weeks of the Deepwater Horizon explosion, with its stock priced back to 14 years. There was a clear disproportion amidst the companys market losses and even the mos t pessimistic estimates of killing costs that neer exceeded $30 billion this was an indication of the costs of this reputational risk crisis to BP. While firms today recognize the value of brand definition as a competitive advantage in the marketplace, reputation remains an often underestimated component of a companys value.Corporations experiencing a public crisis, such BP in 2010 afford what is termed reputational distress. This concept was fit coined by Stephen Greyser, Professor Emeritus at the Harvard Business School, and describes the critical period following a crisis event when a companys counsel is at risk of losing the confidence of the markets. Reputational distress can result in significant violation upon a firms market capitalization, as well as its corporate reputation, in correlation to how the crisis response of the firms vigilance is represented in the markets and the mass media.Brand Finance Plc, the gentlemans leading brand valuation consultancy, estima ted that the side effect from the explosion at the Deepwater Horizon rig has caused BPs brand value to plummet by $7.4bn, representing a 61% fall (or 72m per day). Having spent many millions on promoting its Beyond Petroleum strapline and positioning itself as the most environmentally friendly of the oil companies, this disaster has had a highly detrimental impact on its brand value globally, especially in the US.In line of descent to BP, the actions of Johnson Johnson in the case of the acetaminophen tampering scandal represent a best practices example of how a firm can successfully manage reputational risk. Employing a crisis strategy defined by aggressive transparency, Johnson Johnson retained public and market confidence, resulting in the value of its shares quickly rebounding from immediate losses and the Tylenol brand actually becoming the industry leader shortly thereafter. Reputational risk steering can therefore represent not only a challenge, but an opportunity.Traditi onally in CSR the Bottom Line refers to the financial and scotch responsibility of the company that is making profits. Recently introduced by John Elkington (1994) trey Bottom Line model gives a wider view of responsibilities of organizations which obviously encompasses financial aspects and also environmental and social impacts of the company. The utilization of the triple bottom line allows companies to evaluate their success not only in their economic work but also in the environmental and social ones.BP currently remains a member of United Nations Global Compact. This is a high-profile CSR scheme, which requires firms to adhere to 10 principles which require to take a precautionary approach to environmental challenges, arouse environmental responsibility, and encourage the development of clean technology. The oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico appears to provide evidence that BP has not adhered to the principles and could undermine its credibility as a signatory to the Compact. According to Mary Ann Ferguson, professor of PR at the University of Florida, when a company has a frank reputation, people will prize its high-fit CSR program. But if BP tries to use high-fit CSR to further its public image, it may do itself more harm than good. Before you develop any high-fit CSR program, evaluate your companys reputation inaugural so you dont just wreak further harm. Once the company unwrap is tarnished, high-fit CSR tends to produce only skepticism. In other words, it backfires.If I was a member of the BP board at the time of the scheduled board endureing in London in May 2010, first of all I would recommend that the board contacting should be convened in Louisiana, preferably carrying part of it on one of the support vessels, engaged in the oil spillage re ancestor operation, so that all board members can see for themselves, what has happened and received first hand information from the emergency operations crew. The second part of the board meeting shou ld have been carried on the shore in Louisiana, and representatives from the key stakeholders in US such as regulators, environment protection agencies, NGOs, fishing community, should have been invited to this meeting. This little step, which wouldnt cost much would have helped to change the public light of the companys approach to the problem.Secondly, Tony Hayward should have been removed by the board at this meeting, and a new interim CEO with specific drilling and disaster counseling experience should have been appointed at this time, showing BPs allegiance to liquidate the disaster, thus bringing someone with hands-on approach or else of discredited CEO. At this time I would also suggest that the company start providing accurate estimates of the amount of oil spilling from the well, instead of trying to sell the media and professionals. BPs move with lowering estimates of the oil spillage has done more stultification than good. The inconvenient truth is less harmful that the sweet lies.The following(a) step would be stop putting blame on subcontractors Halliburton and Transocean and start working together trying to find fast and solid solution of the problem. BP looked really silly with its biased internal report which has put most responsibility for the disaster to its contractors. Wasnt it BP the owner of the rights to the well, who selected those contractors in the first place? I am sure that BP has done their due diligence in front hiring these companies.Last, but not least is to start paying solid attention and investing significant funds into disaster liquidation in the communities along the Gulf. BP has to drop back attention of primarily US as well as world media to the efforts which company is undertaking in the sea and on the ground along the affected coast. Capping the well is no doubt a high priority, but dealing with the local stakeholders and environmental rail at is no less important task, which provided to the company as bein g one of the most difficult ones. Stakeholder management is equally important, and saving the environment and providing other opportunities to the people which have lost their income source is critical. If I was a member of the board of BP at that time, I would put as much efforts and funding into this exercise as I would into capping of the well, if not more. Such proactive approach would help BP in the future(a) when dealing with individual or class lawsuits, coming their way, as US is one of the most litigious countries in the world.QUESTION 4 why do you think BP attracted such opprobrium?Hayward, and BP in general, initially downplayed the spill, stating on 17 May 2010 that the environmental impact of the Gulf spill would likely be very very modest and work the spill relatively tiny in comparison with the size of the ocean. On 27 May, Haywood changed his assessment, calling the spill an environmental catastrophe in an interview with CNN. Hayward earned the soubriquet Tone-De af Tony for his far from the truth assertions.Then after the explosion, BP denied there was a effluence until it became painfully obvious. When they could no longer hide that fact, they low-balled the estimate of the leak at 5,000 barrels a day, which is probably low by a factor of 20.When Hayward met with members of the U.S. Senate shortly after the accident, he asserted that BP intended to meet its obligations up to its $75 million liability cap under the U.S. Oil Pollution Act. Haywards assertion that BP was protected by limited liability under U.S. law, coming at a time when thousands of fishermen and tourism workers in Gulf states were being laid off due to the oil spill, so elicit the senators with whom he met that within days legislation was introduced in the U.S. Senate to raise the damage cap facing BP from $75 million to $10 billion.BP sprayed more than 1 million gallons of chemical dispersants Corexit 9500 and 9527 into the Gulf since the oil spill began in a reckless e ffort to make the oil disappear from public view. BP jeopardise clean-up workers theyd be fired if they spoke to the media, also the company ordered workers showing up with respirators and other protective gear to remove it or be fired. Cleanup workers have been complaining of dizziness, nausea and other symptoms ever since then.Dispersants only alter the chemical and physical properties of the oil, making it more likely to fuse with seawater than deposit on the shoreline. So what the dispersants do is re-direct the oil, making its impact perhaps less so on birds and shore-dwelling animals, but more so on fish, coral reefs, oysters and other marine life that live in the deeper amniotic fluid. Also, when the dispersants mix with the crude oil, a third far more cyanogenic product is produced called dispersed oil which has been shown to be more toxic than the sum of its parts. Toxicologists can only guess what the full extent of the damage will be, and its likely it wont show up in full for years or decades.Before BP could stop the oil leaking at the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico, it unleashed $100 million in ad spending, largely on ne twork TV, to stem the damage to its image. But it also started spending heavily where it had never spent much before buying ads in Googles search results. well $3.6 million in the month of June alone were spent by BP, which pushed the company into the upper echelon of search advertisers, in a league with ATT, Expedia, Amazon and eBay. When people searched for oil spill theyll be directed to BPs damage control page that shows the companys Gulf of Mexico Response and cleanup efforts, instead of the massive amounts of damage that was still ongoing.In the CNN interviews, Deepwater Horizon workers described a corporate farming of cutting staff and ignoring warning signs frontwards of the blast. They claimed BP routinely cut corners and pushed ahead despite concerns about safety. The rig survivors also said it was always dumb that you could get fired if you raised safety concerns that might delay drilling. CNN interviews also revealed that BP had ordered a shortcut on the day of the explosion intentional to speed drilling, as the rig was five weeks behind schedule and one day of its operation had an estimated cost of $750,000.All these facts are not affect as BP is no stranger to environmental crime. Over the past two decades, BP subsidiaries have been convicted of three crimes in Alaska and Texas, including two felonies. Also BP holds the dubious accolade of receiving the stiffest fine in history for work safety violations 760 fines as of June 2010, objet dart Exxon Mobil has had just one. In 1991 BP was cited as the most polluting company in the US based on EPA toxic release data. The company has been charged with impetuous polluted gases at its Ohio refinery (for which it was fined $1.7 million), and in July 2000 BP paid a $10 million fine to the EPA for its management of US refineries.During the la st couple of years before the Gulf accident BP became more profitable Tony Hayward received a 40 percent pay increase in 2009 based on BPs improved performance. The company announced earnings of $5.6 billion for the first buns of 2010, more than double the same quarter in 2009. But BP failed to let the one problem that continues to get it into trouble a reactionary management culture that puts an emphasis on cutting costs and efficiency while neglecting preventative maintenance. BP has been chronically unable or unwilling to learn from its mistakes check to analysts, competitors and former employees.QUESTION 5 Looking ahead 3-4 years, how do you think the disaster will affect BP? Will it (a) have no significant, long impact on the business? (b)Result in BP becoming a much smaller company? (c)) Result in BP being bought by the Chinese, Qataris etc ormerged with some other international oil company? (d) Be the catalyst for BP to move irrevocably beyond petroleum and becoming a ne w form of global energy business, based eventually in renewable energy?The BP oil spill has set a new precedent for both environmental damage and corporate irresponsibility. According to BP official there was a good reason why the Macondo well was being drilled in the first place. Its because the world badly needs the oil and gas that reside to a lower place the seabed of the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic and other oceans in order to meet inexorably growing energy demand. BP pushed technology to the limit in the remotest reaches of Alaska and the deepest waters of the Gulf of Mexico the tough stuff that others cannot or choose not to do, as Tony Hayward once put it.Last year there was a serious debate as to whether the Deepwater Horizon incident will lead to failure for BP. Project failures such as the Deepwater Horizon can have marvelous consequences on the value of BP shareholders, including many pensioners in the UK and current and past employees and may even jeopardize surviva l of the enterprise.BP have been paying not only for all environmental and economic damages from the blowout, but will also be facing years of claims, negotiations and litigation. The company is still facing juristic suits from Edinburgh and Merseyside pension funds for the loss of value that emanated from an Alaskan pipeline spill in 2006. Gulf of Mexico claims will last much longer. According to Bloomberg, BP took charges totaling US$40 billion in the second and third quarters of 2010 to flyer for the cost of the Gulf spill.The company announced in July 2010 it would sell between $25 billion and $30 billion of assets, and has sold sectors in Argentina, Colombia, Pakistan, the U.S. and Vietnam. BP interests in Algeria, Alaskas Prudhoe Bay and Canadian pipelines may be next up on the block. According to offshoreenergytoday.com, since taking charge in October, new CEO Bob Dudley has taken asset sales to $22 billion to pay costs from the worst US oil spill, reorganized management a nd cut the deal with Rosneft to give the company access to Russias untapped Arctic reserves. The share price has recovered about 60 percent from Junes post-spill low, in part on expectations that the dividend will return at 50 percent of the introductory level. Recently BP has reinstated the dividend that was suspended after the spill as higher oil prices and improved refining margins lifted its earnings.It is unlikely that BP will be acquired by other major oil companies ExxonMobil or Royal Dutch Shell. BP executives held dialogue with a number of sovereign wealth funds including funds from Abu Dhabi, Kuwait, Qatar and Singapore, for fundament of a strategic partnership to avoid takeover. Now BP continues to be Europes second-biggest oil company and the biggest producer of oil and gas in the US. Financial Times said that before the accident, the US had been the principal focus of the groups strategy, with deepwater oil business in the Gulf of Mexico at its heart. It was a sourc e of oil and gas reserves in a region with an apparently stable levelheaded and tax framework, and was a place to develop techniques that could then be deployed roughly the world.The BP oil spill has brought attention to the issue of greenwashing. This term was coined by New York environmentalist Jay Westerveld (1986) and means deceptive use of green PR or green marketing in order to promote a misleading perception that a companys policies or products are environmentally friendly. BP entered the greenwashing playing field spending 200 million dollars on rebranding the company in 2000. BP TV ads were focused on themes of biofuels, alternative energy and carbon footprints, closing with a green, flower-like logo and the slogan Beyond petroleum.According to Kate Sheppard, a writer at Foreign Policy (3 May 2010), despite all BP has spent on rebranding, the company hasnt done nearly as much to move beyond petroleum as its campaign implies. In fact, BP has been turning away from investm ents in nonfossil energy, last year cutting investment in alternative sources from $1.4 billion to $1 billion. Weeks before the spill, BP announced that it was shuttering its solar manufacturing plant in Maryland, it close the doors of its much-hyped UK Alternative Energy headquarters in 2009. The company brought in $73 billion in revenue in the first quarter of 2010, but only about $700 million of its business was alternative energy sources like wind and solar. The company has also spent a lot of time and money convincing political leaders that offshore drilling is clean, safe, and environmentally friendly while at the same time actually fighting against safety measures that might have prevented the horror in the Gulf.Green Energy Reporter said that BP plans to invest $1 billion in 2011 in its renewable energy business, roughly the same amount it invested last year. In 2008 BP was awarded a satirical prize, the Emerald Paintbrush award, by Greenpeace UK. The award was given to B P in order to highlight its alleged greenwashing campaign. Critics point out that while BP advertises its activities in alternative energy sources, the majority of its capital investments (more than 90%) continue to go into fossil fuels linked with major environmental challenges on a global scale.BP will definitely not make steps to becoming a new form of global energy business based on renewable energy until it can get the same tremendous profits from oil and gas. After the incident Bob Dudley has identified improving BPs safety practice and performance as one of his highest priorities. As it mentioned in BPs internal investigation report, it was possible for BP to drill deepwater wells safely. It is vital for the companys future that it can live up to that aspiration.In his latest speech on March 08th 2011 at CERA Week Conference in Houston Bob Dudley said BP is sorry. BP gets it. BP is changing. Were strengthening safety, growing value and working to earn trust.The lesson for lar ge companies is that whilst cost and time savings are certainly key initiatives, senior management and the Board need to ensure that they do not happen at the risk of brand and stakeholder relationships. Only by remembering this disaster and displace for the truth to be brought to the surface the truth about what BP was hiding we can prevent a similar event from occurring in the future.

The Tragedy Of Macbeth Two Faced Macbeth

The catastrophe Of Macbeth Two Faced MacbethThe Tragedy of Macbeth, a play by William Shakespe are is a tragedy of expiry and duplicity surrounded by the noblemen of Scotland. The dickens main divisions are Macbeth, the Thane of Glamis and his wife skirt Macbeth. The play focuses around the conflict in Scotland at the time amidst the pouf and rebellious Scotsmen. After hearing ab place his prophecy from the tercet witches, Macbeth stops at nothing to accomplish his goal. Macbeth eliminated anyone that is in his path, even his approximate fri curios. Macbeth is facing obstacles in his humanity liveliness as well as in his underc everyplace conduct. In his public life, he is a venturesome and respected nobleman who has the trust from differents as well as King Dun burn down. In his tete-a-tete life, he finally comes establishment to face with death because of his greed and desire. His undercover life differs from his public life in more ways his private life consi sts of poor decisions as well as greed and delinquency, this eventu onlyy leads to the down assume of Macbeth. Macbeth is an ambitious nobleman who has a magnetic dip to self-doubt however he is also a two faced, self-centered murderer whose gone mad hungry for power.Macbeth demonstrates himself in public to nurse fair character at the start of the play in loss to his foul self later on in the play. Macbeth characterizes a character of loyalty and heroism that proves the fairness of his character. In the play Macbeth exhibits two different faces he portrays a different personality in private and in public. Macbeths breathing in is his true tragic flaw, it causes his downslope. Macbeth speaks to himself saying, On which I must fall down, or else oerleap, / For in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires / Let not bring down see my black and deep desires (1.4.50-56). Malcolm, the son of King Dun ignore, is proclaimed Prince of Cumberland this actor he is also the heir to the th rone of Scotland. Macbeth is willing to push all his principles aside. He knows that murdering King Duncan in order to endure King of Scotland is wrong. This is why he says it is necessary to conceal his black and deep aspirations. Macbeth also citied that, To shekels the sides of my intent, but only / Vaulting ambition, which oerleaps itself / And falls on th other (1.7.25-28). Macbeth confesses that the he only thing that is motivating him to hide King Duncan is his ambitions. Macbeths moral sense bothers him throughout the story it is prohibiting him from forgetting all he knows about right and wrong. Here, ambition portrays as something ugly and dark. Macbeth quoted that, Away, and mock the time with fairest show/ False face must hide what the false heart doth know (1.7.81-82). Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are going over the plan to kill Duncan. Macbeth tells Lady Macbeth to go out there and entertain their guest and make them feel like their having a splendid time. They do not k now that this is all part of their plot to kill King Duncan. Macbeth is concealing his true identity and his true intentions. His ambitions ultimately lead to his catastrophic downfall.In private, Macbeth exemplifies a sly and selfish person. Macbeths private self is influence by the three sisters prophecies and by Lady Macbeth in his purpose to kill. Lady Macbeth accuses Macbeth of being weak and not having the guts to kill King Duncan. Macbeth replies to her saying, I dare do all that may become a man / Who dares do more, is none (1.7.47-48). Macbeth is saying that he can only do what is right for a man to do and if he dares to do anymore than he is not a man at all. He does not want to do anymore, but he is pressured by Lady Macbeth. She even questions his manhood. She thinks Macbeth is too full o the milk of benevolent kindness (1.5.16). Macbeth is mentally weak this is how Lady Macbeth easily influences him. Her strength encourages him at the start. Lady Macbeth insisted that Macbeth, Look like the unreserved flower, / But be the snake in the grass under it (1.5.67-68). Macbeth is acting innocent like a flower, but underneath that innocent flower be the serpent that is waiting to attack. To King Duncan, Macbeth is his innocent and loyal friend, when actually he is the enemy and a venomous man. This shows that looks can be deceiving.Macbeth is mentally a weak character that undertakes a forceful psychological change through the play. However, Macbeth then realizes what he has done and becomes punishable. He continues his murderous acts to persuade his dream of becoming King of Scotland. His guilty sense of right and wrong causes him to hallucinate. Macbeth begins to think that he cannot sleep, Methought I heard a voice exclaim Sleep no more Macbeth does murder sleep the innocent sleep, (2.2.33-34). Macbeth believes he cannot sleep because he has killed an innocent. Macbeths conscious sees Macbeth an abomination person now and the evil Macbeth will only continue do evil actions. Macbeth believes that he gloss over has the blood of King Duncan on his workforce, Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand? (2.2.57-58). The blood on Macbeths hands symbolizes his guilt on him for murdering Duncan. Macbeth thinks that the whole ocean would not be equal to wash away evidence of his guilt. His private life and doing causes him to feel guilty he quoted, I am in blood / Steeped in so far that, should I wade mo more, / Returning were as long-winded as go oer (3.4.136-138). Macbeth is saying that the smirch is already at a bad standpoint and he would like to get the situation over with because he is sick of waiting and living in guilt. He realizes that purpose out other bad thing would not make the situation worse because he would still be standing in the similar situation. He ends up with a blameworthy sense of right and wrong. His private life consists of poor decisions as well as greed and guilt this ev entually leads to his downfall.In The Tragedy of Macbeth, Macbeth ultimately faces obstacles in his public life as well as in his private life. At the end of the day he comes face to face with death because of his greed and desire. His private life differs from his public life in many ways his public life consists of loyalty and honor in contrast with his private life that consists of poor decisions as well as greed and guilt, this eventually leads to the downfall of Macbeth. This shows that Macbeth, an ambitious nobleman can also be a two faced, selfish murderer who stops at nothing to become king and gain power.

Social Work Reflective Essay

aff up to(p) make Reflective EssayIntroduction Reflection forms a central part of cordial clear perpetrate and education, and it is circumstancely grievous for hearty subject realmers in functionment scopes or newly qualified neighborly excogitateers (Dcruz et al, 2007 Parker, 2010). In its simplest terms, observation provides us with an opportunity to review our decisions and decision-making processes however, in pr runice, verbal expression is a far untold complex concept (Trevethick, 2005 251). It is essential that cordial persisters live the confidence to question their ingest practice, the organisation that they bat in, and controlling power structures in society at large (Fook, 1999). Reflection, and in grouchy detailed brooding practice, forms a key part of this, as kind workers are called on to reconsider and re make up the dominant favorable discourse. In this essay I will explore my consume of reproach during my practice placement, and in pa rticular in proportion to a proper(postnominal) shell study. I will start by offlining my practice backcloth, and the details of the particular wooing study. I will and then explore my experience of contemplation, and how pondering practice victualsed me to apply system to practice. Finally take a critical look at my practice, and suggest things that I could invite got through with(p) assortedly. Although I engage with and explored sixfold patterns of formulation during my placement, the exercise of reflection that I engraft most multipurpose was Schons theory of reflection (Schon, 1983 2002). Schon advocated 2 types of meditative practice. Firstly, reflection-on-action, which involves reflecting on an experience that you arrive at already had, or an action that you have already taken, and considering what could have been do variously, as well as tone at the positives from that interaction. The other type of reflection Schon nones is reflection-in-actio n, or reflecting on your actions as you are doing them, and considering issues homogeneous best practice throughout the process. Due to the limits of the topical medium, I will be condenseing mostly on reflection-on-action. However, charm use of this type of reflection should inform future practice, and encourage divert reflection-in-action when presented with a similar situation again. habituate Setting My placement was engraft at a non for profit genial wellness agency, where we provided psycho- well-disposed support for flock who have go through cordial health difficulties. Many of the people that we worked with had been subject to section 2 or 3 set outs under the genial wellness Act 1983/2007, and were now experiencing aftercare under section 117. Referrals to the agency could hump from loving armed services, GP surgeries, and other not-for-profit organisations. The people with whom we worked normally had a masses of presenting issues and concerns, and I was a ware from the onset that complex settings like this require social workers to be reflective in their practice in order to be able to deal with a variety of situations (Fook and Gardner, 2007). However, it soon became clear to me that the fast working(a) environment, where at propagation paperwork was promoted over practice, meant that reflection could potentially be ignored in favour of bureaucracy and targets (DCruz et al, 2007). This type of difficulty and distrust most reflection is common in placement settings and when starting a new role (Knott and Spafford, 2010). Reflection was especially meaning(a) when making the enactment from university learning to the learning experienced in a placement setting. genial workers are provided with some guidance in practice to support this process. The confide Competency Framework (PCF) domains provide some direction about what areas social workers are expected to emphasise in practice, and what take ins to be bear witness in or der to successfully complete a placement. Values and moral philosophy are central to this framework, and comprise domain 2. Critical reflection is as well part of this framework, making up the entirety of domain 6. However, it is essential that social workers do not become complacent in their someoneal reflection, and they massnot come up pricker on these types of guidance and procedures as a shield against act in reflection on complex ethical subjects (Banks, 2006). Case lease Many of the service users that we worked with had a dual diagnosis (problems with mental health and addiction). These service users particularly challenged me, as I found their intersecting issues commonly stretch well beyond their dual diagnosis, to other areas like accommodate or physical health. I have, therefore, chosen to discuss one such case, where I sedulous in substantial reflection. The emphasize to this case study, and my engagement with him, will now be discussed. JK is a man in h is 50s who was born(p) in Nigeria but locomote to the UK at a young age. When I worked with him, he lived in a housing project that was specifically meant to raise ex-offenders. Although JK had a lead key-worker at my agency who was a permanent ingredient of staff, I was responsible for the majority of the key working sessions with JK during my time on this placement. JK had a long history of substance misuse and mental health problems. He was diagnosed with bi-polar disorder, and dealt with important anxiety and depression. He received depot injections periodic for his mental health difficulties, and he found these instances particularly distressing. JK likewise had a substantial history of criminal activity, which he said became necessary in order to maintain his addiction to certain illicit drugs. I would knock against JK in a location of his choosing. Although usually this would mean either in our office or in his room, sometimes we went for a walk and I accompanied him to appointments at times also. This more than informal working setting was where he felt he could speak most openly to me. Although I will discuss my involvement with JK more broadly,I will focus on one particular key working session that we had, where JK was most descriptive about all his concerns and the issues that were effecting him (session A). This is signifi mountaint because reflection is particularly important when a critical incident like this has been experienced, and a less reflective set about could lead to a less holistic or even unwittingly autocratic account of what had transpired (Ruch, 2002). Reflective bore Different models of reflection support me throughout the reflective process. Gibbs Model of Reflection (1988) and Atkin and Murphys Model of Reflection (1994) some(prenominal) promote a cyclical approach to reflection, whereby reflection is on passing and not a linear process. I found this to be the case, as I did not move through presents of refection one after the other, but moved between them, often returning to my conceptual starting point multiple times before settling on a holistic perceptiveness of an event or situation that incorporates all systems influencing that scenario. Keeping a reflective diary of critical issues and my own thought process encouraged me to construct my understanding of the work I was doing, and justify what actions I had taken (White, 2001). conduct from colleagues and supervisors was also invaluable in this process (Ruch, 2002). Yip (2006) aptly notes that models like those appointd above are most useful when starting out the reflective process, and I quickly adapted and developed a model of reflection that was most appropriate for me. accessible work has traditionally been constructed as the professional knowing best, and continues to be practised in a trend where the practitioner holds most of the power (Holmes and Saleeby, 1993). The power dynamics are slimly different in a non-statutory setting like I was working in. However, these power dynamics cannot be ignored, and underline all social work practice.I ac knowledged the inherent power dynamics from the inception of my interactions with JK. I prize that where unequal power dynamics exist in a relationship, it is usually the partner with the most power that benefits most from the interaction (Milner and OByrne, 2002). This is why it is important for social workers to listen to the perspectives of the people with whom they work, and be willing to accept different paradigms than their own or the dominant paradigm (Milner and OByrne, 2002). When working with JK, I was make aware of his engagement with mental health services, usually provided through the medical professions. He had an allocated community psychiatric nurse (CPN) who would visit occasionally, and at times he also met with a psychiatrist. Throughout my social work education, the inconsistency between the medical model and the social model of experien cing mental malady has been stressed to me, and I all the way saw this when working with JK. The historically oppressive nature of mental health services is widely recognize in literary productions (Szasz, 1961 Foucault, 1967), and JK expressed to me at times that he felt that he was not listened to by medical professionals, and just moved from service to service having things done to him, rather than with him. Tew (2005) famous that the in the social model of mental distress, core values required include looking at the person and their situation holistically, removing the us and them thinking that scarpers to dominate mental health services, hearing to what people really have to say, and being committed to anti-oppressive practice. I found these to be very helpful in working with JK. During academic session A, the point that I chose to explore JKs mental distress alongside the other issues that were going on in his life allowed me to identify that his physical health, i ncluding intense back pain that he has been experiencing, was having a substantial effect on his mental health, and I encouraged him to seek help and support with this. JK clearly apprehended my anti-oppressive approach, where I tried to work with him in partnership, and he was always cutting to know when we would meet next. There is a stigma attached to having a mental ailment, and even when contact with services has ceased, that stigma usually persists (Miles, 2005). JK had clearly been the subject of this stigma throughout his life. Tew (2005) believes if mental health services were more receptive to the social model of looking at mental distress, then significant amounts of this stigma and the resultant oppression would be removed. Applying Theory to coiffe An important part of reflection in social work is the diligence and consideration of theories in practice (Trevethick, 2012). The theory base of social work is essential to all the work that we do in practice (Teater, 2 010). brotherly workers need to be prepared to critically reflect on the theory that they are bringing to practice. It has been noted that the theory base of social work is dominated by euro-centric discourse, meaning that certain paradigms or perspectives may be excluded unintentionally (Trevethick, 2012). Being from Nigeria originally, and coming from a different cultural background than myself, meant that I had to be particularly watchful in applying theory to the work that I did with JK.However, it is also clear that practice cannot just be base on routine or habit, with no basis in manifest (Thompson, 2009). The increasing influence of post-modern theory, which does not promote one paradigm over another, but focuses on the subjective nature of truth, has helped to alleviate these issues in social work to some accomplishment (Fook, 2012). Our agency worked with some of the most marginalised and compromising members of society, and spicy in uninformed work with these types of service users is a wicked undertaking (Collingwood et al, 2008). Through active engagement with reflection, I was able to work with JK using an eclectic theory and knowledge base, but was also careful to note if JK was not comfortable with some aspects of my approach, and adjusted the approach accordingly. works closely with JK over a period of several months supported me to be able to identify any issues quickly, and by the time I we were engaged in Session A, we had a good working relationship. Of particular grandness when working with service users who have a dual diagnosis was systems theory, and I found this theory to be particularly important when reflecting on Session A. Healy (2005) has recognised that systems theory have been highly influential on the knowledge base of social work. As noted above, people experiencing problems with addiction tend to have other issues in other areas of their lives (Tober and Raistrick, 2004).I was able incorporate specific applications of systems theory for the service user group I was working throughout my placement, and in particular with JK. The Six Cornered Addictions Rescue System (SCARS) was useful in that it withalk into account a person who was dealing with an addictions situation holistically, rather than just focusing on the addiction in isolation (McCarthy and Galvani, 2004). In Session A this allowed me to see how JKs addiction and mental health problems were also linked to issues with accommodation, physical health, relationships and employment. What could have been done differently? I have discussed my work with JK, and reflected on specific incidents and issues with him. However, returning to Schon (1983), he notes that reflection takes place inside our own understanding and the meaning that we attribute to an event, rather than within the event itself. Therefore, social workers need to look at their own central assumptions, as well as dominant social communicatorys, in order to shape their holis tic understanding and experience of a given incident. Dewey (1993) recognised the importance of discovering new information in reflection. This can come from both internal sources (personal reconsideration) and external sources (professional support or research), and this new information can completely re-construct the way that an incident or event is considered, and change the narrative that we are engaged in. This is helpful in reconsidering an event, and determining whether something could have been done differently or better. In relation to Session A, one area that I reflected on was that I may have focused too much on theory when working with JK. It has been recognised in literature around theory in practice that overly focusing on theory when working with service users can actually hinder the work being done, as the service user can feel depersonalised (Parker, 2010). As noted above, this was particularly important in the case of JK, who was from a different culture than me. More time could have been spent on listen to JK and his perspective, rather than trying to fit him into a theory or model for the sake of evidencing my own case notes or reflective journals. I worked with JK very much in isolation. Although I met his CPN and his drug worker, at no stage was a multi-agency meeting held that I was invited to. To some extent, this was the fault of the other professionals, who did not consult me on the work they were doing with JK, and literature has noted that collaboration is particularly difficult when working with dual diagnosis service users, as mental health and addiction services can disagree over the pass up course, or who should take the lead (Clement et al, 1993 Champney-Smith, 2004). However, I could have made more of an effort to engage with them, or at least discuss with JK how much consultation he would like me to have with those other workers. Suter et al (2009) have found that a willingness to communicate is a key characteristic comp ulsory for effective collaboration, and after the other professionals were not active in engaging with me, I lost this willingness, potentially to the detriment of my work with JK. It has to be noted that reflection is not always recognised as a self-evidently positive mechanism. There are critics of the way reflection is promoted in authorized practice environments, with some bemoaning the cult following that has developed around reflection in the social work sphere (Ixer, 1999 513). Boud and Knight (1996) equally describe how reflection has come to be seen as self-evidently worthwhile without significant critique (p.32). Ixer (1999) recognises that focusing too much on assessing reflection can lead to a prescriptive approach to reflection that is uncompromising. I found this to be the case at times, when I was expected to write my reflections at a certain time, and have reflective supervision in a certain way. As well as this, having someone essentially assessing my reflection m ade this even more difficult, as I was not able to reflect in a way that was personal for me. Parker (2010) has noted that reflection is not something that can be assessed based on traditional reductionist techniques. Therefore, I found it important to not just reflect on my work and the working environment, but also the process of reflection itself. mop up The issues that social workers are engaged with, and that I have discussed here, do not only reflect the concerns of the service user, but are a reflection of the issues that are inherent in wider society (Davis, 2007). Unequal power dynamics, concerns around oppression and issues with stigma are all social problems that social workers need to engage with not just on a micro-level, but also a macro-level. To some extent this is an area that I found reflection lacking in. I was able to look at my own practice, and my own assumptions and narratives however, I was unable to determine how best to address wider inequality and societ al oppression of people like JK. In this reflective essay, I have explored my practice setting in relation to a particular case study. I introduced the placement setting and the case study, and then looked at my experience of reflection within this setting. I discussed how I engaged with different models of reflection, experienced power dynamics, and explored different interpretations of mental distress. I then moved on to look at how reflection promoted me to engage with theory in practice, in particular in relation to systems theory. Finally, I used this reflection to look at things that I could have done differently, including a decreased focus on theory and engaging more with other services. This type of critical reflection should be ongoing for social workers in practice, and to some extent it would be difficult to work in a complex setting like I was without being reflective. Although I noted some areas I could have improved on in my interactions with JK, what was most appar ent in my work with him was that my willingness to explore his paradigm and perspectives opened him up to engaging with me on a range of issues, that otherwise may have remained hidden. References Atkins, S. and Murphy, K. (1994) Reflective Practice, treat Standard8(39) 49-56. Banks, S. (2006) Ethics and Values in Social officiate, Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan. Cameron, A., Lart, R., Bostock, L. and Coomber, C. (2012) Factors that promote and hinder sum and integrated working between health and social care services, capital of the United Kingdom SCIE. Champney-Smith, J. (2004) Dual Diagnosis in T. Peterson and A. McBride (Eds.) cultivateing with Substance Misusers A talent scout to Theory and Practice, capital of the United Kingdom Routledge. Clement, J., Williams, E. and Waters, C. (1993) The client with substance abuse/mental illness Mandate for Collaboration Achieves of Psychiatric Nursing, 7(4), 189-196. Collingwood, P., Emond, R. and Woodward, R. (2008) The theory c ircle A woodpecker for learning and for practice Social make up Education, 27(1), 70-83. Davis, A, (2007) Structural Approaches to Social Work in J. Lisham (Ed.) Handbook for Practice Learning in Social Work and Social Care Knowledge and Theory, London JK. Dewey, J. (1993) How we Think A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the education process, Boston Health Publishing. DCruz, H., Gillingham, P. and Melendez, S. (2007) Reflexivity, its meanings and relevance for social work A critical review of the literature British diary of Social Work, 37, 73-90. Fook, J. (1999) Critical reflectivity in education and practice in B. Pears and J. Fook (eds) Transforming Social Work Practice Postmodern Critical Perspectives, St Leonards Allen and Unwin, 195-208. Fook, J. (2012) Social Work A Critical Approach to Practice, London Sage. Fook J. and Gardner F. (2007) Practising Critical Reflection A Resource Handbook, Maidenhead McGraw-Hill. Foucault M. (1967) Madness and Civilization A History of hallucination in the Age of Reason, London Tavistock. Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by Doing A eviscerate to teaching and learning methods, Oxford Oxford University Press. Healy, K. (2005) Social Work Theories in Context Creating Frameworks for Practice, Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan. Holmes, G. and Saleeby, D. (1993) Empowerment, the checkup Model and the Politics of Clienthood, Journal of Progressive Human serve, 4(1), 61-78. Ixer, G. (1999) Theres no such thing as reflection British Journal of Social Work,29, 513-527. Knott, C. and Spafford, J. (2010) get Started in C. Knott and T. Scragg (eds.) Reflective Practice in Social Work, Exeter Learning Matters. McCarthy, T. and Galvani, S. (2004) SCARS A new model for social work with substance misusePractice, 16(2), 85-97. Milner, J. and OByrne P. (2002) estimation in Social Work Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Parker, J. (2010) Effective Practice in Social Work, Exeter Learning Matters. Miles, A. (19 87) The Mentally Ill in Contemporary Society, Oxford Blackwell. Parker, J. (2010) Effective Practice Learning in Social Work, Exeter Learning Matters. Ruch, G. (2002) From triangle to spiral reflective practice in social work education, practice and research, Social Work Education, 21(2), 199-216. Schn, D. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner, New York Basic Books. Schon, D. (2002) From technical rationality to reflection-in-action in R. Harrison, F. Reeve, A. Hanson and J. Clarke (eds) financial support Lifelong Learning Perspectives on Learning, London Routledge. Szasz, T. (1961) The Myth of Mental indisposition Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct, London Harper and Row. Teater, B. (2010) An Introduction to Applying Social Work Theories and Methods, Maidenhead Open University Press. Tew, J. (2005) Social Perspectives in Mental Health London Kingsley. Thompson, N. (2009) Practicing Social Work Meeting the Professional Challenge, Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan.Tober, G . and Raistrick, D. (2004) Organisation of Services Putting it all Together in T. Peterson and A. McBride (Eds.) Working with Substance Misusers A Guide to Theory and Practice, London Routledge. Trevithick, P. (2012) Social Work Skills A Practice Handbook, Maidenhead Open University Press. White, S. (2001) Auto-ethnography as reflexive enquiry The research act as self-surveillance, in I. Shaw and N. Gould (eds), Qualitative Research in Social Work, London Sage. Yip, K. (2006)Self-reflection in reflective practice A note of caution British Journal of Social Work, 36(5), 777-788.

Carbon credit

ascorbic acid credit coulomb credits is a tool adopted by national and world-wide g everywherenments to mitigate the effects of Green Ho practise Gases(GHGs). One degree Celsius Credit is equal to unmatchedness ton of light speed. Greenho enforce Gases ar capped and merchandises ar used to cross the emissions from the sources. The idea is to all in allow commercialise place place mechanisms to drive industrial and commercial butt againstes in the direction of low Greenhouse Gases(GHGs). These mitigation exteriorizes gene reckon credits, which sens be traded in the international markets for m angiotensin-converting enzymetary benefits.thither be in resembling manner numerous an(prenominal) companies that conduct hundred credits to commercial and individual customers who are provoke in overturning their ascorbic acid footprint on a wilful basis. These coke copy paper off mickleters purchase the credits from an investment fund or a hundred vexment c ompany that has aggregated the credits from individual put ups. The fictitious character of the credits is base in part on the validation process and sophistication of the fund or development company that acted as the champion to the degree centigrade project. This is reflected in their hurt military volunteer units typically withdraw little scotch value than the units sold by the rigorously- authorized plumb Development mechanics.Backgroundfogy Fuels are the major source of Greehouse Gas Emissions. Industries such(prenominal) as Power, Textile, fertiliser use fogey kindles for their high volumes of operations. The major greenhouse gases emitted by these industries are blow dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluoro cytosines (HFCs), etc, all of which maturation the atmospheres ability to trap unseeable nada and thus affect the climate.The increasing awareness about the environmental degradation gave rise to the judgment called Carbon Credit. The IPCC (Intergov ernmental Panel on modality Change) has observed thatPolicies that stick out a palpable or implicit impairment of carbon could create incentives for producers and consumers to operatively invest in low-GHG products, technologies and processes. Such policies could implicate economic instruments, government funding and regulation, fight noting that a tradable permit administration is one of the policy instruments that has been shown to be environmentally effective in the industrial sector, as long as in that location are reasonable levels of predictability over the initial allocation mechanism and value.The mechanism was formalized in the Kyoto protocol, an international agreement between to a greater extent than 170 countries, and the market mechanisms were agreed through the subsequent Accords.Emission hiresThe Protocol agreed caps or quotas on the ut close to amount of Greenhouse gases for true and development countries. In turn these countries set quotas on the emi ssions of installations run by local business and other organizations, generically termed operators. Countries manage this through their own national registries, which are required to be validated and monitored for compliance by the UNFCCC. Each operator has an grant of credits, where from each one unit gives the owner the right to emit one metric deoxythymidine monophosphate of carbon dioxide or other equivalent greenhouse gas. Operators that have not used up their quotas toilette sell their unused allowances as carbon credits, while businesses that are about to exceed their quotas back buy the bare allowances as credits, in private or on the open market. As bespeak for elan vital grows over time, the total emissions mustiness still stay at heart the cap, but it allows industry several(prenominal) flexibility and predictability in its planning to fit out this.By permitting allowances to be bought and sold, an operator kindle seek out the well-nigh render up-effectiv e way of reducing its emissions, either by investing in cleaner machinery and arranges or by purchasing emissions from another operator who already has excess capacity.Since 2005, the Kyoto mechanism has been adopted for CO2 business by all the countries indoors the European Union chthonic its European art turning away (EU ETS) with the European Commission as its validating authority. From 2008, EU participants must tie-in with the other developed countries who ratified the protocol, and trade the six most significant anthropogenic greenhouse gases. In the coupled States, which has not ratified Kyoto, and Australia, whose check came into force in March 2008, similar schemes are existence considered.Kyotos conciliative MechanismsA credit can be an emissions allowance which was primitively allocated or auctioned by the national administrators of a cap-and-trade program, or it can be an first of emissions. Such commencement exerciseting and mitigating activities can occur in any developing province which has ratified the Kyoto Protocol, and has a national agreement in place to validate its carbon project through one of the UNFCCCs approved mechanisms. Once approved, these units are termed Certified Emission Reductions, or CERs. The Protocol allows these projects to be constructed and credited in advance of the Kyoto trading degree.The Kyoto Protocol provides for three mechanisms that enable countries or operators in developed countries to acquire greenhouse gas reduction credit.Under articulatio Implementation (JI) a developed earth with relatively high cost of domestic greenhouse reduction would set up a project in another developed country.Under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) a developed country can sponsor a greenhouse gas reduction project in a developing country where the cost of greenhouse gas reduction project activities is usually untold lower, but the atmospheric effect is globally equivalent. The developed country would be give n credits for meeting its emission reduction targets, while the developing country would receive the capital investment and clean technology or beneficial change in land use.Under International Emissions Trading (IET) countries can trade in the international carbon credit market to cover their shortfall in allowances. Countries with surplus credits can sell them to countries with capped emission commitments under the Kyoto Protocol.These carbon projects can be created by a national government or by an operator inwardly the country.Emission marketsOne allowance or CER is considered equivalent to one metric tonne of CO2 emissions. These allowances can be sold privately or in the international market at the prevailing market price. Each international transfer is validated by the UNFCCC.Climate exchanges have been established to provide a spot market in allowances, as well as hereafters and options market to help discover a market price and maintain liquidity. Carbon prices are norm ally quoted in Euros per tonne of carbon dioxide or its equivalent (CO2e). Other greenhouse gasses can in addition be traded, but are quoted as standard multiples of carbon dioxide with measure to their global warming potential. These features reduce the quotas financial impact on business, while ensuring that the quotas are met at a national and international level.Many companies forthwith engage in emissions abatement, offsetting, and sequestration programs to generate credits that can be sold on one of the exchanges.Managing emissions is one of the fastest-growing segments in financial work in the City of London with a market now price about 30 billion, but which could grow to 1 trillion within a decade. Louis Redshaw, head of environmental markets at Barclays Capital predicts that Carbon get out be the worlds largergest commodity market, and it could become the worlds biggest market overall.Setting A Market Price For CarbonEnergy usage and emissions should be kept under co nstant check else they leave alone lone(prenominal) rise over time. wherefore the number of companies needing to buy credits allow increase over the period of time. This Supply-Demand for credits pass on determine the price of the Carbon which will in turn encourage companies to go cleaner.An individual allowance, such as a Kyoto Assigned Amount Unit (AAU) or its near-equivalent European Union Allowance (EUA), whitethorn have a different market value to an offset such as a CER. This is due to the lack of a developed sanctionary market for CERs, a lack of homogeneity between projects which causes uncontrollableness in pricing. Additionally, offsets generated by a carbon project under the Clean Development Mechanism are potentially limited in value because operators in the EU ETS are restricted as to what percentage of their allowance can be met through these flexible mechanisms.Raising the price of carbon will achieve four goals. First, it will provide signals to consumers ab out what goods and go are high-carbon ones and should therefore be used more sparingly. Second, it will provide signals to producers about which inputs use more carbon (such as sear and oil) and which use less or none (such as natural gas or nuclear power), thereby inducing firms to substitute low-carbon inputs. Third, it will give market incentives for inventors and innovators to develop and introduce low-carbon products and processes that can sub the current generation of technologies. Fourth, and most important, a high carbon price will economize on the information that is required to do all three of these tasks. Through the market mechanism, a high carbon price will raise the price of products according to their carbon contentCriticismsEnvironmental restrictions and activities have been imposed on businesses through regulation. Many are uneasy with this approach to managing emissions.The Kyoto mechanism is the tho internationally-agreed mechanism for regulating carbon credi t activities, and, crucially, includes checks for additionality and overall enduringness. Its supporting organisation, the UNFCCC, is the only if organisation with a global mandate on the overall effectiveness of emission control agreements, although enforcement of decisions relies on national co-operation. The Kyoto trading period only applies for five years between 2008 and 2012. The first degree of the EU ETS remains started before then, and is expected to continue in a third phase afterwards, and may co-ordinate with whatever is internationally-agreed at but there is normal uncertainty as to what will be agreed in Post-Kyoto Protocol negotiations on greenhouse gas emissions. As business investment lots operates over decades, this adds risk and uncertainty to their plans. As several countries responsible for a large proportion of global emissions (notably USA, Australia, China) have avoided mandatory caps, this also bureau that businesses in capped countries may perceive themselves to be working at a competitive disadvantage against those in uncapped countries as they are now paying for their carbon be directly.A key concept behind the cap and trade system is that national quotas should be elect to represent genuine and meaningful reductions in national output of emissions. not only does this ensure that overall emissions are reduced but also that the costs of emissions trading are carried fairly across all parties to the trading system. However, governments of capped countries may seek to uni novelrally weaken their commitments, as attest by the 2006 and 2007 National Allocation Plans for several countries in the EU ETS, which were submitted late and then were initially rejected by the European Commission for being too lax.A question has been brocaded over the grandfathering of allowances. Countries within the EU ETS have granted their incumbent businesses most or all of their allowances for free. This can sometimes be perceived as a protectionist obstacle to juvenile entrants into their markets. There have also been accusations of power generators getting a microphone boom profit by passing on these emissions centerings to their customers. As the EU ETS moves into its second phase and joins up with Kyoto, it seems wantly that these problems will be reduced as more allowances will be auctioned.Establishing a meaningful offset project is conglomerate voluntary offsetting activities outside the CDM mechanism are effectively unregulated and there have been criticisms of offsetting in these unregulated activities. This particularly applies to some voluntary corporate schemes in uncapped countries and for some personal carbon offsetting schemes.There have also been cephalalgias raised over the validation of CDM credits. One concern has related to the accurate assessment of additionality. Others relate to the effort and time interpreted to get a project approved. Questions may also be raised about the validation of the effe ctiveness of some projects it appears that many projects do not achieve the expected benefit after they have been audited, and the CDM board can only approve a lower amount of CER credits. For example, it may take longer to roll out a project than originally planned, or an afforestation project may be reduced by sickness or fire. For these reasons some countries place additional restrictions on their local implementations and will not allow credits for some types of carbon sink activity, such as forestry or land use projects.Carbon TaxCarbon appraise is a form of contaminant evaluate income. It levies a fee on the doing, distribution or use of fossil sacks based on how much carbon their combustion emits. The government sets a price per ton on carbon. Carbon tax also makes alternative dexterity more cost-competitive with cheaper, polluting renders care coal, natural gas and oil.Carbon tax is based on the economic principle of negative externalities. Externalities are costs o r benefits generated by the production of goods and services. Negative externalities are costs that are not paid for. When utilities, businesses or homeowners consume fossil fuels, they create pollution that has a societal cost everyone suffers from the effects of pollution. Proponents of a carbon tax believe that the price of fossil fuels should card for these societal costs.BenefitsThe primary purpose of carbon tax is to lower greenhouse-gas emissions. The tax charges a fee on fossil fuels based on how much carbon they emit when burned (more on that later). So in order to reduce the fees, utilities, business and individuals attempt to use less energy derived from fossil fuels. An individual might switch to public transportation and replace incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). A business might increase energy might by installing new appliances or modify heating and cooling systems. And since carbon tax sets a definite price on carbon, there is a guaranteed return on dearly-won efficiency investments.Carbon tax also encourages alternative energy by do it cost-competitive with cheaper fuels. A tax on a plentiful and inexpensive fuel like coal raises its per British Thermal Unit (Btu) price to one comparable with cleaner forms of power. A Btu is a standard measure of heat energy used in industry.The money that is raised by carbon tax can help subsidize environmental programs or be issued as a rebate. Many fans of carbon tax believe in progressive tax-shifting. This would mean that some of the tax burden would shift away from federal income tax and state sales tax.Economists like carbon tax for its predictability. The price of carbon under cap-and-trade schemes can quiver with weather and ever-changing economic conditions. This is because cap-and-trade schemes set a definite limit on emissions, not a definite price on carbon. Carbon tax is stable. Businesses and utilities would notice the price of carbon and where it was headed. They could then invest in alternative energy and increased energy efficiency based on that knowledge. Its also easier for large number to understand carbon tax.The Logistics of Carbon TaxThe carbon content of oil, coal and gas varies. Proponents of a carbon tax want to encourage the use of efficient fuels. If all fuel types were taxed equally by weight or volume, there would be no incentive to use cleaner sources like natural gas over dirtier, cheaper ones like coal. To fairly reflect carbon content, the tax has to be based on Btu heat units something standardized and quantitative instead of unrelated units like weight or volume.Each fuel variety also has its own carbon content. Bituminous coal, for instance, contains considerably more carbon than lignite coal. Residual fuel oil contains more carbon than gasoline. Every fuel variety needs to have its own rate based on its Btu heat content.Carbon tax can be levied at different points of production and consumption. Some taxes target t he top of the tot chain the transaction between producers like coal mines and oil wellheads and suppliers like coal shippers and oil refiners. Some taxes affect distributors the oil companies and utilities. And other taxes charge consumers directly through electric bills. Different carbon taxes, both real and theoretical, support varying points of implementation.The only carbon tax in the United States, a municipal tax in bowlder, Colo., taxes the consumers homeowners and businesses. People in Boulder pay a fee based on the number of kW hours of electrical energy they use.Like Boulder, Sweden also taxes the consumption end. The national carbon tax charges homeowners a full rate and halves it for industry. Utilities are not charged at all. Since the majority of Swedish power consumption goes to heat, and because the tax exempts renewable energy sources like those derived from plants, the biofuel industry has blossomed since 1991.Even though the tax is toward the top end, companie s can, and probably will, pass on some of the cost to consumers by charging more for energy.Its easier to tax consumption than production. Consumers are more willing to pay the extra $16 a year for a carbon tax. Producers are usually not. Taxes on production can also be economically disruptive and make domestic energy more expensive than foreign imports. Thats why animate carbon taxes target consumers, or, in the case of Quebec, energy and oil companies.Carbon tax has a patchy history around the world. Its widely genuine only in Northern Europe Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland and Sweden all tax carbon in some form.Carbon Tax Vs Carbon CreditCarbon Tax is better alternative than Carbon Credit mainly because of the side by side(p) six reasonsEnergy Prices are considerably predictable by the mechanism of tax than by the mechanism of Cap and Trade. The high volatility of the carbon credits that are generated by the mechanism of Cap and Trade has consistently disc ouraged energy efficient schemes.Tax system can be quickly implemented than Cap and Trade. Since the environment is getting polluted at a faster rate, it is high time that necessary actions are taken quickly and efficiently. Tax systemCarbon taxes are guileless and considerably understandable, making them more possible to garner public support than complex Cap and Trade.Carbon taxes cannot be easily manipulated and hence cannot be easily exploited whereas the complexity of Cap and Trade always provides room for exploitation for special interestsCarbon taxes address emissions of carbon from every sector, whereas some cap-and-trade systems discussed to date have only targeted the electricity industry.Carbon tax revenues would most likely be returned to the public through dividends or progressive tax-shifting, while the costs of cap-and-trade systems are likely to become a hidden tax as dollars flow to market participants, lawyers and consultants.Carbon Taxes Will Lend Predictabilit y to Energy Prices. With carbon taxes ramped up through a multi-year phase-in, future energy and power prices can be predicted with a reasonable degree of confidence well beforehand of time. This will make it possible for literally millions of energy-critical decisions from the design of new electricity generating plants to the purchase of the family car to the materials used in commercial airframes to be do with full cognizance of carbon-appropriate price signals. In contrast, a cap-and-trade program will worsen the volatility of energy prices since the price of carbon allowances will fluctuate as weather and economic factors affect the demand for energy. The vaunted advantage of cap-and-trade that future levels of carbon emissions can be known ahead of time is mostly notional. And even certainty in future emission levels is of questionable value, since there is no agreed-upon trajectory of emissions for achieving climate stability and preventing disaster.Carbon Taxes Will bear Quicker Results. The taxes themselves can be designed and adopted quickly and fairly. Cap-and-trade systems, by contrast, are highly complex and will take years to develop and implement. Disruptive issues must be addressed intellectually and resolved politically the proper level of the cap, timing, allowance allocations, certification procedures, standards for use of offsets, penalties, regional conflicts, the necessary requests for exceptions by affected parties and a myriad of other complex issues must all be resolved before cap-and-trade systems can be implemented. During this time, polluters will continue to emit carbon with no cost consequences.Carbon Taxes argon Transparent and Are Easier to Understand than Cap-and-Trade. A carbon tax is transparent and easy to understand the government simply imposes a tax per ton of carbon emitted, which is easily translated into a tax per kWh of electricity, gallon of gasoline or therm of natural gas. By contrast, the prices for carbon set under a cap-and-trade system will vary with market fluctuations and be impossible even for big to predict. A cap-and-trade system will require a complex and difficult to understand market structure in order to balance the many competing interests and ensure that the trading system minimizes distortions and increases real carbon reductions.A Carbon Taxs Simplicity prevents it Against Incentives and Potential for vested interests that Will Accompany Cap-and-Trade. In contrast to the uncomplicated and straightforward process of implementing a carbon tax, the protracted negotiations necessary to implement a cap-and-trade system will provide constant opportunities for the fossil fuel industry and other invested parties to shape a system that maximizes their financial self-interests as opposed to an economically efficient system that maximizes societal well-being. If allowances are allocated based on some type of baseline reflecting past pollution (which has been the practice with NOx and SO2trading programs), rather than being auctioned, polluters will have perverse incentives to maximize emissions before the cap-and-trade system goes into effect in order to earn those pollution rights.Carbon Taxes Address All Sectors and Activities Producing Carbon Emissions. Carbon taxes target carbon emissions in all sectors energy, industry and transportation whereas at least some cap-and-trade proposals are limited to the electric industry. It would be unwise to ignore the non-electricity sectors that account for more than 50% of CO2 emissions.Carbon Taxes Can Produce a Far More Equitable Result than Cap-and-Trade. As discussed in our progeny Paper, Managing the Impacts, carbon tax revenues can be returned through dividends or can be used to fund progressive tax-shifting to reduce regressive sales taxes. The costs of cap-and-trade systems, both implementation and the costs incurred as more expensive technologies replace older and less expensive coal-fired combustion, are far more likely to be imposed upon consumers with less possibility of rebating or tax-shifting. Moreover, because cap-and-trade relies on market participants to determine a fair price for carbon allowances on an ongoing basis, the complications involved are severe with economists, lawyers and politicians getting involved constantly.